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Persoonia
2015 Dec 01;35:230-41. doi: 10.3767/003158515X688046.
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Towards a phylogenetic reappraisal of Parmulariaceae and Asterinaceae (Dothideomycetes).
Guatimosim E
,
Firmino AL
,
Bezerra JL
,
Pereira OL
,
Barreto RW
,
Crous PW
.
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Members of the Asterinaceae and Parmulariaceae are obligate biotrophic fungi with a pantropical distribution that grow in direct association with living plant tissues and produce external ascomata and bitunicate asci. These fungi are poorly known, with limited information about their taxonomic position in the Dothideomycetes. Much of what is known is conjectural and based on observation of morphological characters. An assessment of the phylogenetic position of the Asterinaceae and Parmulariaceae is provided based on a phylogenetic analysis of the nrDNA operon (ITS) and the large subunit rDNA (LSU) sequence data obtained from fresh material of selected species collected in Brazil. Three key species were included and epitypified, namely Asterina melastomatis, which is the type species for the type genus of the Asterinaceae; Prillieuxina baccharidincola (Asterinaceae); and Parmularia styracis, which is the type species for the type genus of the Parmulariaceae. An LSU rDNA phylogenetic analysis was performed indicating the correct phylogenetic placement of the Asterinales within the Dothideomycetes. From this initial analysis it is clear that the Parmulariaceae as currently circumscribed is polyphyletic, and that the Asterinaceae and Parmulariaceae are related, which justifies the maintenance of the order Asterinales. Asterotexis cucurbitacearum is recognised as distinct from other Dothideomycetes and placed in the newly proposed family and order (Asterotexiaceae, Asterotexiales), while the higher order phylogeny of Inocyclus angularis remains unresolved. Additionally, Lembosia abaxialis is introduced as a novel species and the phylogenetic placement of the genera Batistinula and Prillieuxina is clarified.
Fig. 1. A Bayesian 50 % majority rule tree based on a full length LSU alignment, containing all strains generated in this study. Bayesian posterior probabilities support values for the respective nodes are displayed in the tree. The tree was rooted to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The scale bar indicates 0.08 expected changes per site. New sequence data are in bold.
Fig. 2.
Parmularia styracis VIC 42447. a. Living leaves of Styrax ferrugineus with epiphyllous colonies; b, c. detail of the mature colony, opening by radiating fissures; d. vertical section showing entirely superficial ascoma with fertile locules; e, f. detail of the fertile locules; g, h. hyphal columns which connect the colony with the host tissue; i. horizontal section showing the detail of a tuft of internal mycelium that ruptures the cuticle and produce the initial stages of the ascostromata; j. detail of the fertile locule with fully developed asci and pseudoparaphyses; k, l. asci; m–t. ascospores. — Scale bars: d = 100 μm; e, f = 50 μm; g–m = 10 μm.
Fig. 3.
Asterina
melastomatis VIC 42822. a. Living leaves of Miconia sp. with epiphyllous colonies; b. colony with open thyriothecia and external mycelium; c. appressoria cylindrical to long-ovate, unicellular; d. asci ovoid to slightly clavate; e. ascospores hyaline, becoming pale brown to brown at maturity. — Scale bars = 10 μm.
Fig. 4.
Asterina
chrysophylli VIC 42823. a. Living leaves of Henriettea succosa with epiphyllous colonies; b, c. SEM images: b. thyriothecium opened by a central star-shaped fissure; c. ascospore oblong, smooth, constricted at the septum; d. appressoria straight, globose to pyriform, unicellular; e. asci globose to ovoid; f. ascospores hyaline, becoming brown at maturity. — Scale bars = 10 μm.
Fig. 5.
Batistinula gallesiae VIC 42514. a. Living leaves of Caesalpinia echinata with epiphyllous colonies; b–d, f, g. SEM images: b. colony with open thyriothecia and external mycelium; c. thyriothecium opened by a central star-shaped fissure; d. appressoria straight, lobate, cylindrical, unicellular; e. asci ovoid, showing immature ascospores; f. ascospores oblong, with ends broadly rounded, constricted at the septum; g. conidia of Triposporium (asexual morph) and erect conidiophore; h. ascospores with lobate appressoria. — Scale bars: b = 100 μm; c, d, f, g = 20 μm; e, h = 10 μm.
Fig. 6.
Lembosia abaxialis VIC 42825. a. Living leaves of Miconia jucunda with hypophyllous colonies; b. colony with open hysterothecia and external mycelium; c. appressoria straight to angular, entire to irregularly lobate, unicellular; d. asci ovoid to slightly clavate; e. ascospores hyaline becoming pale brown to brown at maturity. — Scale bars: b = 20 μm; c–e = 10 μm.
Fig. 7.
Prillieuxina
baccharidincola VIC 42817. a. Living leaves of Baccharis sp. with epiphyllous colonies; b. SEM image; thyriothecium opened by a central star-shaped fissure; c. vertical section of the ascoma; d. asci ovoid to subclavate showing pseudoparaphyses; e. ascospores hyaline becoming pale brown to brown at maturity. — Scale bars = 20 μm.
Fig. 8.
Asterotexis
cucurbitacearum VIC 42814. a, b. Symptoms on leaves of Cucurbita pepo: a. adaxial side; b. abaxial side, showing the hypophyllous colonies; c. external mycelium hyaline, connecting the ascomata in formation; d. immature ascomata in formation; e. fertile locules exposed on irregular fissures; f, g. vertical section of the ascomata, showing the appressoria with a central hyaline penetration peg, covered by the mature ascomata; h. vertical section of a fully developed ascoma, showing parallel and vertically orientated asci; i. asci; j. ascospores. — Scale bars: c–i = 10 μm; j = 5 μm.
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