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To evaluate the thermal resistance of marine invertebrates to elevated temperatures under scenarios of future climate change, it is crucial to understand parental effect of long acclimatization on thermal tolerance of offspring. To test whether there is parental effect of long acclimatization, adult sea cucumbers (Apostichopus japonicus) from the same broodstock were transplanted southward and acclimatized at high temperature in field mesocosms. Four groups of juvenile sea cucumbers whose parents experienced different durations of high temperature acclimatization were established. Upper thermal limits, oxygen consumption and levels of heat shock protein mRNA of juveniles was determined to compare thermal tolerance of individuals from different groups. Juvenile sea cucumbers whose parents experienced high temperature could acquire high thermal resistance. With the increase of parental exposure duration to high temperature, offspring became less sensitive to high temperature, as indicated by higher upper thermal limits (LT50), less seasonal variations of oxygen consumption, and stable oxygen consumption rates between chronic and acute thermal stress. The relatively high levels of constitutive expression of heat-shock proteins should contribute to the high thermal tolerance. Together, these results indicated that the existence of a parental effect of long acclimatization would increase thermal tolerance of juveniles and change the thermal sensitivity of sea cucumber to future climate change.
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26580550
???displayArticle.pmcLink???PMC4651317 ???displayArticle.link???PLoS One
Fig 1. (a) Water temperature in Xiapu and Qingdao.Water temperatures were measured daily from January to February 2012; (b) a scheme representing the thermal history of the different groups (see text for details).
Fig 4. Season variation of oxygen consumption rate of juvenile sea cucumbers.After artificial breeding, juveniles were cultured in outdoor mesocosms. When temperature increased to 23°C in June 2013, 26°C in July 2013 and 29°C in August 2012, oxygen consumption was measured. Values with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05) among different groups at the same temperature.
Fig 5. The relationship between offspring seasonal variations of oxygen consumption and duration after southward transplantation of parents.The F values of One-way ANOVA analyses, which were applied to analyze the differences of oxygen consumption among different temperatures within the same group, represent the seasonal variations of oxygen consumption. There was a linear relationship between offspring seasonal variation of oxygen consumption and duration of transplantation of parents (R2 = 0.950, P = 0.025). 95% Confidence intervals were shown by dashed lines.
Fig 6. Oxygen consumption rate of juvenile sea cucumbers after acute heat shock.Values with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05). Values are mean ± S.E. (n = 3).
Fig 7. The relationship between oxygen consumption after acute and chronic thermal stress.The temperature increase from 23°C to 29°C between June and August 2012 can be regarded as a chronic thermal stress (OCRc); the temperature increase from 23°C to 29°C within 2 h can be regarded as an acute thermal stress (OCRa). In group 1 and 2, OCRa was dramatically higher than OCRc. However, there was no obvious difference between OCRa and OCRc in group 3 and group 4, especially in group 4.
Fig 8. Levels of (a) hsp70 and (b) hsp90 mRNA of juvenile sea cucumbers in June, July and August.Values are mean ± S.E. (n = 3). Values with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05) among different groups at the same temperature.
Fig 9. Levels of (a) hsp70 and (b) hsp90 mRNA of juvenile sea cucumbers after acute thermal stress.Water temperature was increased from 23°C to 29°C within 2h. Values are mean ± S.E. (n = 3). Values with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05).
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