Waheed Z et al. (2015), Scleractinian corals (Fungiidae, Agariciidae an...

ECB-ART-44202

Zookeys 2015 Aug 12;517:1-37. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.517.9308.

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Scleractinian corals (Fungiidae, Agariciidae and Euphylliidae) of Pulau Layang-Layang, Spratly Islands, with a note on Pavonamaldivensis (Gardiner, 1905).

Waheed Z , Benzoni F , van der Meij SE , Terraneo TI , Hoeksema BW .

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Layang-Layang is a small island part of an oceanic atoll in the Spratly Islands off Sabah, Malaysia. As the reef coral fauna in this part of the South China Sea is poorly known, a survey was carried out in 2013 to study the species composition of the scleractinian coral families Fungiidae, Agariciidae and Euphylliidae. A total of 56 species was recorded. The addition of three previously reported coral species brings the total to 59, consisting of 32 Fungiidae, 22 Agariciidae, and five Euphylliidae. Of these, 32 species are new records for Layang-Layang, which include five rarely reported species, i.e., the fungiids Lithophyllonranjithi, Podabaciasinai, Sandalolithaboucheti, and the agariciids Leptoseriskalayaanensis and Leptoseristroglodyta. The coral fauna of Layang-Layang is poor compared to other areas in Sabah, which may be related to its recovery from a crown-of-thorns seastar outbreak in 2010, and its low habitat diversity, which is dominated by reef slopes consisting of steep outer walls. Based on integrative molecular and morphological analyses, a Pavona variety with small and extremely thin coralla was revealed as Pavonamaldivensis. Since specimens from Sabah previously identified as Pavonamaldivensis were found to belong to Pavonaexplanulata, the affinities and distinctions of Pavonamaldivensis and Pavonaexplanulata are discussed.

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Genes referenced: LOC100887844

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	Figure 1. Research area at Pulau Layang-Layang, Spratly Islands. Survey sites are numbered 1-18, and HR for the House Reef. Depth contours are indicated in metres (smaller font). For a complete georeferenced list of localities and depths of survey sites, see Table 1.
	Figure 2. Fungiidae recorded at Pulau Layang-Layang in this study. a Ctenactis albitentaculata b Cycloseris boschmai c Cycloseris costulata d Cycloseris explanulata e Cycloseris mokai f Cycloseris tenuis g Danafungia horrida h Danafungia scruposa.
	Figure 3. Fungiidae recorded at Pulau Layang-Layang in this study. a Fungia fungites b Halomitra pileus c Herpolitha limax d Lithophyllon ranjithi e Lithophyllon repanda f Lithophyllon scabra g Lithophyllon undulatum h Lobactis scutaria.
	Figure 4. Fungiidae recorded at Pulau Layang-Layang in this study. a Pleuractis granulosa b Pleuractis gravis c Pleuractis moluccensis d Podabacia sinai e Polyphyllia talpina f Sandalolitha boucheti g Sandalolitha dentata h Sandalolitha robusta.
	Figure 5. Agariciidae recorded at Pulau Layang-Layang in this study. a Coeloseris mayeri b Gardineroseris planulata c Leptoseris foliosa d Leptoseris glabra e Leptoseris hawaiiensis f Leptoseris incrustans g Leptoseris kalayaanensis h Leptoseris mycetoseroides.
	Figure 6. Agariciidae recorded at Pulau Layang-Layang in this study. a Leptoseris scabra b Leptoseris solida c Leptoseris troglodyta d Leptoseris yabei e Pachyseris rugosa f Pacyhseris speciosa g Pavona bipartita h Pavona clavus.
	Figure 7. Agariciidae recorded at Pulau Layang-Layang in this study. a Pavona duerdeni b Pavona explanulata c Pavona maldivensis (registration no. IPMB-C 13.00007) d Pavona minuta e Pavona varians f Pavona venosa.
	Figure 8. Euphylliidae recorded at Pulau Layang-Layang in this study. a Euphyllia glabrescens b Euphyllia paraancora c Physogyra lichtensteini.
	Figure 9. Undetermined Leptoseris coral species recorded at Pulau Layang-Layang in this study a Leptoseris sp. 1 (registration no. IPMB-C 13.00009) b Leptoseris sp. 2 c Leptoseris sp. 3.
	Figure 10. Maximum likelihood phylogram of Pavona maldivensis and Pavona explanulata based on combined mitochondrial intergenic spacer between CO1 and 16S-rRna and nuclear marker ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences. Support values for maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony (>70) and bayesian posterior probabilities (>80) are given at the nodes. Dashes (-) indicate nodes without statistical support. Letters in parentheses correspond to images a–l in rows L and R. L: coral colonies in situ, R: SEM images of calices. Locality for the coral samples are: LAC = Layang-Layang, LOY = Loyalty Islands, MAL = the Maldives, BAN = Banggi, East Malaysia, TER = Ternate, Indonesia, RED = Redang, Peninsular Malaysia. a–b Pavona maldivensis from Layang-Layang c–d Pavona maldivensis from Loyalty Islands e–f Pavona maldivensis from the Maldives g–h Pavona explanulata from Banggi, Sabah i–j Pavona explanulata from Banggi, Sabah k–l Pavona explanulata from Ternate, Indonesia. Additional samples KF437780 Pavona maldivensis and KF437762 Pavona cf. explanulata are from Pearl and Hermes Atoll, the northwest Hawaiian Islands and O’ahu, Hawaii, respectively (Luck et al. 2013). Outgroup LK934507, HE978501 Leptoseris foliosa is from Prony Bay, New Caledonia (Benzoni et al. 2012b, Terraneo et al. 2014).
	Figure 11. Specimen RED05 Pavona cf. explanulata from Pulau Redang, Peninsular Malaysia. a coral colony in situ at 13 m depth b corallites detail at the plate margin c coral fragment preserved in ethanol d, e SEM images showing calices.
	Figure 12. Variation of radial elements in Pavona maldivensis (a, c) and Pavona explanulata (b, d). a specimen LAC23 from Layang-Layang, b specimen BAN02 from Banggi, North Borneo, c specimen LOY12 from Loyalty Islands, and d specimen TER28 from Ternate, Indonesia. Lateral faces of septa are covered with granules (g) as indicated in a and d. Aligned granulations along the lateral faces of septa (menianae) are indicated by white arrows in b, c, d.

References [+] :

Arrigoni, Lobophylliidae (Cnidaria, Scleractinia) reshuffled: pervasive non-monophyly at genus level. 2014, Pubmed