Click
here to close Hello! We notice that
you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Echinobase
and may cause the site to display incorrectly. We suggest using a
current version of Chrome,
FireFox,
or Safari.
IUBMB Life
2015 Jul 01;677:575-87. doi: 10.1002/iub.1404.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
Splitting the cell, building the organism: Mechanisms of cell division in metazoan embryos.
Kumar M
,
Pushpa K
,
Mylavarapu SV
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
The unicellular metazoan zygote undergoes a series of cell divisions that are central to its development into an embryo. Differentiation of embryonic cells leads eventually to the development of a functional adult. Fate specification of pluripotent embryonic cells occurs during the early embryonic cleavage divisions in several animals. Early development is characterized by well-known stages of embryogenesis documented across animals--morulation, blastulation, and morphogenetic processes such as gastrulation, all of which contribute to differentiation and tissue specification. Despite this broad conservation, there exist clearly discernible morphological and functional differences across early embryonic stages in metazoans. Variations in the mitotic mechanisms of early embryonic cell divisions play key roles in governing these gross differences that eventually encode developmental patterns. In this review, we discuss molecular mechanisms of both karyokinesis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasmic separation) during early embryonic divisions. We outline the broadly conserved molecular pathways that operate in these two stages in early embryonic mitoses. In addition, we highlight mechanistic variations in these two stages across different organisms. We finally discuss outstanding questions of interest, answers to which would illuminate the role of divergent mitotic mechanisms in shaping early animal embryogenesis.
???displayArticle.pubmedLink???
26173082
???displayArticle.pmcLink???PMC5937677 ???displayArticle.link???IUBMB Life ???displayArticle.grants???[+]
Wellcome Trust , IA/E/13/1/501266 Wellcome Trust-DBT India Alliance, IA/E/13/1/501266 DBT-Wellcome Trust India Alliance
Adams,
pavarotti encodes a kinesin-like protein required to organize the central spindle and contractile ring for cytokinesis.
1998, Pubmed
Adams,
pavarotti encodes a kinesin-like protein required to organize the central spindle and contractile ring for cytokinesis.
1998,
Pubmed
Ahringer,
Control of cell polarity and mitotic spindle positioning in animal cells.
2003,
Pubmed
Andreuccetti,
Cell junctions during the early development of the sea urchin embryo (Paracentrotus lividus).
1987,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Beach,
Myosin II recruitment during cytokinesis independent of centralspindlin-mediated phosphorylation.
2009,
Pubmed
Blum,
Symmetry breakage in the vertebrate embryo: when does it happen and how does it work?
2014,
Pubmed
Bringmann,
A cytokinesis furrow is positioned by two consecutive signals.
2005,
Pubmed
Cabernard,
Cytokinesis in Drosophila melanogaster.
2012,
Pubmed
Canman,
Cytokinetic astralogy.
2009,
Pubmed
Cao,
Signals from the spindle midzone are required for the stimulation of cytokinesis in cultured epithelial cells.
1996,
Pubmed
Cartwright,
Intercellular bridges in the embryo of the Atlantic squid, Loligo pealei. II: Formation of the bridge.
1981,
Pubmed
Carvalho,
Structural memory in the contractile ring makes the duration of cytokinesis independent of cell size.
2009,
Pubmed
Cassimeris,
Regulated assembly of the mitotic spindle: a perspective from two ends.
2003,
Pubmed
Castanon,
Oriented cell division in vertebrate embryogenesis.
2011,
Pubmed
Chen,
Orchestrating vesicle transport, ESCRTs and kinase surveillance during abscission.
2012,
Pubmed
Courtois,
The transition from meiotic to mitotic spindle assembly is gradual during early mammalian development.
2012,
Pubmed
Cundell,
The BEG (PP2A-B55/ENSA/Greatwall) pathway ensures cytokinesis follows chromosome separation.
2013,
Pubmed
Dechant,
Centrosome separation and central spindle assembly act in redundant pathways that regulate microtubule density and trigger cleavage furrow formation.
2003,
Pubmed
Douglas,
Aurora B and 14-3-3 coordinately regulate clustering of centralspindlin during cytokinesis.
2010,
Pubmed
Dumont,
Acentrosomal spindle assembly and chromosome segregation during oocyte meiosis.
2012,
Pubmed
Echard,
Phosphoinositides and cytokinesis: the "PIP" of the iceberg.
2012,
Pubmed
Gadde,
Mechanisms and molecules of the mitotic spindle.
2004,
Pubmed
Gillies,
Cell division orientation in animals.
2011,
Pubmed
Glotzer,
Cleavage furrow positioning.
2004,
Pubmed
Green,
Cytokinesis in animal cells.
2012,
Pubmed
Gönczy,
Mechanisms of spindle positioning: focus on flies and worms.
2002,
Pubmed
Hamaguchi,
MICROINJECTION OF COLCHICINE INTO SEA URCHIN EGGS.
1975,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Hiramoto,
Mechanics of cleavage in the sea urchin egg.
1965,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Hird,
Cortical and cytoplasmic flow polarity in early embryonic cells of Caenorhabditis elegans.
1993,
Pubmed
Howe,
Recent insights into spindle function in mammalian oocytes and early embryos.
2013,
Pubmed
Kiyomitsu,
Chromosome- and spindle-pole-derived signals generate an intrinsic code for spindle position and orientation.
2012,
Pubmed
Kops,
Dividing the goods: co-ordination of chromosome biorientation and mitotic checkpoint signalling by mitotic kinases.
2009,
Pubmed
Kotak,
Mechanisms of spindle positioning: cortical force generators in the limelight.
2013,
Pubmed
Lancaster,
Shaping up to divide: coordinating actin and microtubule cytoskeletal remodelling during mitosis.
2014,
Pubmed
Lancaster,
Mitotic rounding alters cell geometry to ensure efficient bipolar spindle formation.
2013,
Pubmed
Lee,
Coordinating the cytoskeleton and endocytosis for regulated plasma membrane growth in the early Drosophila embryo.
2014,
Pubmed
Li,
The art of choreographing asymmetric cell division.
2013,
Pubmed
Maddox,
Polar body cytokinesis.
2012,
Pubmed
McCarthy,
Asymmetric spindle positioning.
2006,
Pubmed
McKay,
'Life is a highway': membrane trafficking during cytokinesis.
2011,
Pubmed
McNally,
Mechanisms of spindle positioning.
2013,
Pubmed
McNally,
Kinesin-dependent transport results in polarized migration of the nucleus in oocytes and inward movement of yolk granules in meiotic embryos.
2010,
Pubmed
Menant,
Inducing "cytokinesis" without mitosis in unfertilized Drosophila eggs.
2012,
Pubmed
Mierzwa,
Cytokinetic abscission: molecular mechanisms and temporal control.
2014,
Pubmed
Moore,
Coordinating mitosis with cell polarity: Molecular motors at the cell cortex.
2010,
Pubmed
Morin,
Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development.
2011,
Pubmed
Mullins,
Terminal phase of cytokinesis in D-98s cells.
1977,
Pubmed
Müller,
Of mice, frogs and flies: generation of membrane asymmetries in early development.
2001,
Pubmed
Neumüller,
Dividing cellular asymmetry: asymmetric cell division and its implications for stem cells and cancer.
2009,
Pubmed
Oliferenko,
Positioning cytokinesis.
2009,
Pubmed
Pereira,
Maturation of the kinetochore-microtubule interface and the meaning of metaphase.
2012,
Pubmed
Piekny,
The myriad roles of Anillin during cytokinesis.
2010,
Pubmed
Piekny,
Anillin is a scaffold protein that links RhoA, actin, and myosin during cytokinesis.
2008,
Pubmed
RAPPAPORT,
Experiments concerning the cleavage stimulus in sand dollar eggs.
1961,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Raaijmakers,
Function and regulation of dynein in mitotic chromosome segregation.
2014,
Pubmed
Rago,
Review series: The functions and consequences of force at kinetochores.
2013,
Pubmed
Rappaport,
Duration of division-related events in cleaving sand dollar eggs.
1993,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Reid,
The hereditary spastic paraplegia protein spastin interacts with the ESCRT-III complex-associated endosomal protein CHMP1B.
2005,
Pubmed
Schatten,
The role of centrosomes in fertilization, cell division and establishment of asymmetry during embryo development.
2010,
Pubmed
Schiel,
Membrane dynamics during cytokinesis.
2013,
Pubmed
Singh,
A function for the midbody remnant in embryonic patterning.
2014,
Pubmed
Skop,
Dissection of the mammalian midbody proteome reveals conserved cytokinesis mechanisms.
2004,
Pubmed
Somers,
A RhoGEF and Rho family GTPase-activating protein complex links the contractile ring to cortical microtubules at the onset of cytokinesis.
2003,
Pubmed
Somma,
Molecular dissection of cytokinesis by RNA interference in Drosophila cultured cells.
2002,
Pubmed
Tang,
Centrosome positioning in vertebrate development.
2012,
Pubmed
Théry,
Cell shape and cell division.
2006,
Pubmed
Turlier,
Furrow constriction in animal cell cytokinesis.
2014,
Pubmed
Uehara,
Determinants of myosin II cortical localization during cytokinesis.
2010,
Pubmed
Verbrugghe,
SPD-1 is required for the formation of the spindle midzone but is not essential for the completion of cytokinesis in C. elegans embryos.
2004,
Pubmed
Vleugel,
Evolution and function of the mitotic checkpoint.
2012,
Pubmed
Werner,
Astral signals spatially bias cortical myosin recruitment to break symmetry and promote cytokinesis.
2007,
Pubmed
Werts,
How signaling between cells can orient a mitotic spindle.
2011,
Pubmed
White,
Centralspindlin: at the heart of cytokinesis.
2012,
Pubmed
Wolfe,
Polo-like kinase 1 directs assembly of the HsCyk-4 RhoGAP/Ect2 RhoGEF complex to initiate cleavage furrow formation.
2009,
Pubmed
Zanin,
A conserved RhoGAP limits M phase contractility and coordinates with microtubule asters to confine RhoA during cytokinesis.
2013,
Pubmed
von Dassow,
Action at a distance during cytokinesis.
2009,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
von Dassow,
Concurrent cues for cytokinetic furrow induction in animal cells.
2009,
Pubmed