Click
here to close Hello! We notice that
you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Echinobase
and may cause the site to display incorrectly. We suggest using a
current version of Chrome,
FireFox,
or Safari.
Int J Mol Sci
2015 Apr 23;165:9217-35. doi: 10.3390/ijms16059217.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
Cellular Anti-Melanogenic Effects of a Euryale ferox Seed Extract Ethyl Acetate Fraction via the Lysosomal Degradation Machinery.
Baek SH
,
Nam IJ
,
Kwak HS
,
Kim KC
,
Lee SH
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ethyl acetate fraction of Euryale ferox seed extracts (Efse-EA) on melanogenesis in immortalized mouse melanocyte cell line, melan-a. Efse-EA showed strong dose-dependent mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Treatment of melan-a cells with 30 μg/mL Efse-EA produced strong inhibition of cellular tyrosinase and melanin synthesis. Efse-EA significantly reduced the levels of melanogenesis-related proteins, such as tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related proteins 1 and 2, and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor. Because Efse-EA treatment reduced tyrosinase protein levels without changing its mRNA expression, we investigated whether this decrease was related to proteasomal or lysosomal degradation of tyrosinase. We found that chloroquine, a lysosomal proteolysis inhibitor, almost completely abolished both the down-regulation of tyrosinase and the inhibition of melanin synthesis induced by Efse-EA. These results suggested that Efse-EA may contribute to the inhibition of melanogenesis by altering lysosomal degradation of tyrosinase, and that this extract may provide a new cosmetic skin-whitening agent.
Figure 1. A kinetic curve of Efse-EA for antioxidant activity by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. The ORAC assay was carried out as described in Experimental Section. The final ORAC values were calculated using the regression equation for the Trolox concentration plotted against the net area under the fluorescence decay curve (AUC; area under the curve). Open triangle, vehicle; open diamond, Trolox 3.125 µg/mL; open circle, Trolox 6.25 µg/mL; closed circle, Trolox 12.5 µg/mL; closed diamond, Efse-EA 3.125 µg/mL closed triangle, Efse-EA 6.25 µg/mL.
Figure 5. Effect of Efse-EA on the levels of melanogenesis-related mRNA and proteins in melan-a cells. Cells (1 × 105 cells/mL) were cultured for 24 h; the medium was replaced with fresh medium containing the indicated concentrations of Efse-EA or arbutin for three days. Total cell lysates were extracted and assayed by Western blotting using antibodies against tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein (TYRP)-1, TYRP-2, and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). Equal amounts of protein loading were confirmed using β-actin (A); Relative intensity of melanogenesis-related protein expressions, the intensity of the protein expressions was compared to the control; The normalized data for each were plotted as bar graphs (B); Cells (1 × 105 cells/mL) were cultured for 24 h; the medium was replaced with fresh medium containing the indicated concentrations of Efse-EA or arbutin for 1 day. The mRNA was extracted using TRIzol; mRNA expression was analyzed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (C).
Figure 6. Effect of Efse-EA on lysosomal tyrosinase degradation in melan-a cells. Cells (3 × 105 cells/mL) were pretreated with 25 μg/mL cycloheximide for 1 h, as indicated. Cells were also pretreated with 10 μM MG132 or 50 μM chloroquine for 1 h, and then treated with Efse-EA for 6 h. Whole cell lysates were subjected to western blotting using an anti-tyrosinase antibody. Equal protein loading was confirmed using actin (A); β-Hexosaminidase assay was calculated as described in Experimental Section. In brief, melan-a cells (2 × 105 cells/well) were seeded and sensitized with 1 μg/mL of dinitrophenyl (DNP)-immunoglobulin E (IgE) and stimulated with 20 μg DNP-bovine serum albumin (BSA). Following 1 h incubation, supernatant was transferred and the substrate for β-hexosaminidase (1 mM 4-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminide (NAG; N9376, Sigma) was added. After adding stop solution, the sample was measured at 405 nm with a spectrophotometer (B). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.
Adewusi,
In vitro screening for acetylcholinesterase inhibition and antioxidant activity of medicinal plants from southern Africa.
2011, Pubmed
Adewusi,
In vitro screening for acetylcholinesterase inhibition and antioxidant activity of medicinal plants from southern Africa.
2011,
Pubmed
Ando,
Approaches to identify inhibitors of melanin biosynthesis via the quality control of tyrosinase.
2007,
Pubmed
Apak,
Novel total antioxidant capacity index for dietary polyphenols and vitamins C and E, using their cupric ion reducing capability in the presence of neocuproine: CUPRAC method.
2004,
Pubmed
Bellei,
p38 regulates pigmentation via proteasomal degradation of tyrosinase.
2010,
Pubmed
Bennett,
A line of non-tumorigenic mouse melanocytes, syngeneic with the B16 melanoma and requiring a tumour promoter for growth.
1987,
Pubmed
Benzie,
The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of "antioxidant power": the FRAP assay.
1996,
Pubmed
Borovanský,
Melanogenesis in transfected fibroblasts induces lysosomal activation.
1997,
Pubmed
Chang,
An updated review of tyrosinase inhibitors.
2009,
Pubmed
Chao,
Arthrophytum scoparium inhibits melanogenesis through the down-regulation of tyrosinase and melanogenic gene expressions in B16 melanoma cells.
2013,
Pubmed
Das,
The effect of Euryale ferox (Makhana), an herb of aquatic origin, on myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury.
2006,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Elias,
Evidence that stress to the epidermal barrier influenced the development of pigmentation in humans.
2009,
Pubmed
Gahl,
Melanosomal tyrosine transport in normal and pink-eyed dilution murine melanocytes.
1995,
Pubmed
Goh,
Depigmentation effect of kadsuralignan F on melan-a murine melanocytes and human skin equivalents.
2013,
Pubmed
Gülçin,
Antioxidant activity of food constituents: an overview.
2012,
Pubmed
Halvorsen,
A systematic screening of total antioxidants in dietary plants.
2002,
Pubmed
Han,
Two new tocopherol polymers from the seeds of Euryale ferox.
2012,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Hansen,
Re-examination and further development of a precise and rapid dye method for measuring cell growth/cell kill.
1989,
Pubmed
Hearing,
Determination of melanin synthetic pathways.
2011,
Pubmed
Hida,
Agouti protein, mahogunin, and attractin in pheomelanogenesis and melanoblast-like alteration of melanocytes: a cAMP-independent pathway.
2009,
Pubmed
Ishihara,
Melanostatin, a new melanin synthesis inhibitor. Production, isolation, chemical properties, structure and biological activity.
1991,
Pubmed
Kim,
Octaphlorethol A isolated from Ishige foliacea inhibits α-MSH-stimulated induced melanogenesis via ERK pathway in B16F10 melanoma cells.
2013,
Pubmed
Lee,
Manassantin A inhibits cAMP-induced melanin production by down-regulating the gene expressions of MITF and tyrosinase in melanocytes.
2011,
Pubmed
Ou,
Development and validation of an improved oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay using fluorescein as the fluorescent probe.
2001,
Pubmed
Park,
Long-term suppression of tyrosinase by terrein via tyrosinase degradation and its decreased expression.
2009,
Pubmed
Payne,
Antioxidant assays - consistent findings from FRAP and ORAC reveal a negative impact of organic cultivation on antioxidant potential in spinach but not watercress or rocket leaves.
2013,
Pubmed
Puri,
Immunostimulant activity of dry fruits and plant materials used in indian traditional medical system for mothers after child birth and invalids.
2000,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Row,
Cerebrosides and tocopherol trimers from the seeds of Euryale ferox.
2007,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Rozen,
Primer3 on the WWW for general users and for biologist programmers.
2000,
Pubmed
Sato,
Down-regulation of tyrosinase expression by acetylsalicylic acid in murine B16 melanoma.
2008,
Pubmed
Song,
Isolation and identification of compounds responsible for antioxidant capacity of Euryale ferox seeds.
2011,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Su,
Inhibition of melanogenesis by gallic acid: possible involvement of the PI3K/Akt, MEK/ERK and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways in B16F10 cells.
2013,
Pubmed
Wrześniok,
Effect of streptomycin on melanogenesis and antioxidant status in melanocytes.
2013,
Pubmed
Wu,
Antioxidant and anti-fatigue activities of phenolic extract from the seed coat of Euryale ferox Salisb. and identification of three phenolic compounds by LC-ESI-MS/MS.
2013,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Zhao,
New cerebrosides from Euryale ferox.
1994,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Zhao,
Glucosylsterols in extracts of Euryale ferox identified by high resolution NMR and mass spectrometry.
1989,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Zi,
Oligomeric proanthocyanidins from grape seeds effectively inhibit ultraviolet-induced melanogenesis of human melanocytes in vitro.
2009,
Pubmed