de Oliveira TF et al. (2014), Luminescent threat: toxicity of light stick att...

ECB-ART-43461

Sci Rep 2014 Jun 19;4:5359. doi: 10.1038/srep05359.

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Luminescent threat: toxicity of light stick attractors used in pelagic fishery.

de Oliveira TF , da Silva AL , de Moura RA , Bagattini R , de Oliveira AA , de Medeiros MH , Di Mascio P , de Arruda Campos IP , Barretto FP , Bechara EJ , Loureiro AP .

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Light sticks (LS) are sources of chemiluminescence commonly used in pelagic fishery, where hundreds are discarded and reach the shores. Residents from fishing villages report an improper use of LS contents on the skin. Given the scarce information regarding LS toxicity, the effects of LS solutions in cell cultures were evaluated herein. Loss of viability, cell cycle changes and DNA fragmentation were observed in HepG2 cell line and skin fibroblasts. A non-cytotoxic LS concentration increased the occurrence of the mutagenic lesion 1,N(6)-εdAdo in HepG2 DNA by three-fold. Additionally, in vitro incubations of spent LS contents with DNA generated dGuo-LS adducts, whose structure elucidation revealed the presence of a reactive chlorinated product. In conclusion, the LS contents were found to be highly cyto- and genotoxic. Our data indicate an urgent need for LS waste management guidelines and for adequate information regarding toxic outcomes that may arise from human exposure.

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Genes referenced: LOC115919910

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References [+] :

Armstrong, 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (TCP) induces chromosome breakage and aneuploidy in vitro. 1993, Pubmed

	Figure 1. The solutions used in the present study and the chemiluminescent reaction are illustrated: (A) bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)oxalate (TCPO), (B) 1,2-dioxetanedione, (C) 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, and (D) 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA).Figure 1 was created by the author T.F.O., using Adobe® Fireworks® CS6 software.
	Figure 2. Chromatograms obtained by HPLC/PDA (λ = 255 nm) of “beach” and “fluorescent” solutions following 4 to 10 days of sunlight exposure.The main constituents of the LS solutions were the following: (1) dimethyl phthalate, (2) di-n-butyl phthalate, (3) bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)oxalate (TCPO), and (4) 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA).
	Figure 3. (A) In vitro adduct formation from the reaction of dGuo with “beach” solution (X, complete solution; Y, “beach” solution; Z, dGuo solution). Chromatograms were obtained by HPLC/PDA; (B) Absorbance spectra of the pair of diastereoisomeric adducts obtained by HPLC/PDA; (C) Adduct formation as a function of time (0.5–24 h); (D) dGuo-LS adduct structure based on Figure 5.
	Figure 4. Mass spectra (full scan and MS2) of the dGuo-LS adduct obtained by the collision-induced dissociation of m/z 408, 410, 292, 294, 274, and 246 ions.A collision energy of 10 eV was used.
	Figure 5. Suggested structure and fragmentation pathway for the dGuo-LS adduct.
	Figure 6. Chromatograms obtained by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS of calf thymus DNA incubated in vitro with spent LS solution.The analyses were conducted with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) using the following fragmentations: m/z 408 > m/z 292, m/z 292 > 246, m/z 410 > m/z 294.