Lecointre G , Améziane N , Boisselier MC , Bonillo C , Busson F , Causse R , Chenuil A , Couloux A , Coutanceau JP , Cruaud C , d'Acoz Cd , De Ridder C , Denys G , Dettaï A , Duhamel G , Eléaume M , Féral JP , Gallut C , Havermans C , Held C , Hemery L , Lautrédou AC , Martin P , Ozouf-Costaz C , Pierrat B , Pruvost P , Puillandre N , Samadi S , Saucède T , Schubart C , David B .

	Figure 1. Protocol to use the five criteria of Eastman and McCune [17] to detect and evaluate species flocks.The first three criteria (3 K) are the species diversity (« speciosity ») of the taxonomic component, its level of endemicity, and its monophyly. The two other criteria (2 K) are habitat dominance (in biomass) and ecological diversity. The modulation loop means that the geographical range and the taxonomic rank may have to be redefined in order to discover unsuspected flocks.
	Figure 2. Results on species flocks estimation concerning four taxonomic components: teleosts, echinoids, crinoids, crustaceans.Amphi: amphipods, SO: Southern Ocean, AS: Antarctic Shelf, ©: newly discovered cryptic species are to be added.
	Figure 3. Case 1 of Table 1.A set of species is paraphyletic (blue) with a taxonomic entity embedded within (purple) it that is restricted to the area of reference (red circle): A simple taxonomic decision could fulfill the two criteria of monophyly and endemicity. Indeed the taxonomic decision would render the whole set of species monophyletic (purple becomes blue).
	Figure 4. Case 2 of Table 1.The set of species under focus is monophyletic but contains an internal subpart that is secondarily « exported » outside the area of reference (red circle). See text for discussion.
	Figure 5. Case 3 of Table 1.This situation is a mix of case 1 and case 2. A taxonomic decision would simply lead to case 2, where supplementary data about the tempo of diversification would then be required (see text).

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