Williams GC (2013), New taxa and revisionary systematics of alcyona...

ECB-ART-42926

Zookeys 2013 Apr 03;283:15-42. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.283.4803.

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New taxa and revisionary systematics of alcyonacean octocorals from the Pacific coast of North America (Cnidaria, Anthozoa).

Williams GC .

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A taxonomic assessment of four species of octocorals from the northeastern Pacific Ocean (British Columbia to California) is provided. Included here are a new species of clavulariid stolonifieran Cryptophyton, a new species of the nephtheid soft coral Gersemia, an undetermined species of soft coral in the genus Alcyonium that has been referred in the literature by several other names, and a new genus is named for a plexaurid sea fan originally described in the Indo-Pacific genus Euplexaura. Discussions are included that compare the species to related taxa, or provide revisionary assessments.

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Species referenced: Echinodermata
Genes referenced: cse1l LOC100887844 LOC115922131 ROCK

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References [+] :

McFadden, A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Octocorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) based on mitochondrial protein-coding sequences. 2006, Pubmed, Echinobase

	Figure 1. Cryptophyton jedsmithi sp. n. A Wet preserved holotype (CAS 177194); scale bar = 10 mm. B–C Living holotype, details of polyps; photos courtesy of Jeff Goddard; scale bar for both = 1.5 mm. D–E Light micrographs of coenenchymal sclerites; scale bar for both = 0.10 mm.
	Figure 2. Cryptophyton jedsmithi sp. n. A portion of the holotype, showing arrangement of nine polyps on a membranous stolon; scale bar = 3.0 mm.
	Figure 3. Cryptophyton jedsmithi sp. n. Scanning electron micrographs of coenenchymal sclerites from the holotype. Scale bar = 0.03 mm.
	Figure 4. Cryptophyton jedsmithi sp. n. Scanning electron micrographs of coenenchymal sclerites from the holotype; scale bar = 0.03 mm. Lower right, ultrastructural detail from center of the sclerite to the adjacent left; scale bar = 0.01mm.
	Figure 5. Alcyonium sp. indet. A Underwater photograph of orange and pale orange colonies, November 10, 2009, at Plumper Rock, Plumper Group of islands, Weynton Passage, British Columbia, Canada, GPS coordinates 50 35.495N × 126 47.998W., 20 m depth. Photo by Neil McDaniel B Wet-preserved white specimen (CAS 179450) C Wet-preserved red specimen (CAS 173217); scale bars for B and C =10 mm.
	Figure 6. Alcyonium sp. indet. (CAS 029138). A Polyp sclerites B Coenenchymal sclerites of the polypary C Coenenchymal sclerites of the stalk. Scale bar = 0.10 mm.
	Figure 7. Gersemia lambi sp. n. A Underwater photograph of colonies with polyps fully expanded; photo courtesy Marc Chamberlain B Wet-preserved holotype, dorsal view; scale bar = 10 mm C Wet-preserved holotype, lateral view; scale bar = 10 mm D Underwater photograph of colonies with polyps retracted; photo courtesy Neil McDaniel E Underwater photograph of colonies with polyps retracted (center); photo courtesy Marc Chamberlain F Wet-preserved paratype, lateral view (CAS 171941); scale bar = 10 mm.
	Figure 8. Gersemia lambi sp. n. Scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites. Scale bar = 0.04 mm.
	Figure 9. Gersemia lambi sp. n. Scanning electron micrographs of sclerites of the polypary coenenchyme. Scale bar = 0.04 mm.
	Figure 10. Gersemia lambi sp. n. Scanning electron micrographs of stalk sclerites. Scale bar = 0.04 mm.
	Figure 11. Gersemia lambi sp. n. Scanning electron micrographs of stalk sclerites. Scale bar = 0.04 mm.
	Figure 12. Plexaurid gorgonians, entire colonies. A, C Chromoplexaura marki (CAS 173222) B, F, G Chromoplexaura marki (CAS 096746) D Euplexaura sp. (CAS 107595.) E Chromoplexaura marki (CAS 168895). Scale bars = 50 mm.
	Figure 13. Chromoplexaura marki, two living colonies in situ. A Detail of two gorgonians B Wide angle view showing the area inhabited by the colonies. Rittenburg Bank, Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary, California, 83 m depth. Photo courtesy: NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration).
	Figure 14. Chromoplexaura marki (CAS 096746). Scanning electron micrographs of coenenchymal sclerites. Scale bar = 0.04 mm.
	Figure 15. Chromoplexaura marki (CAS 096746). Scanning electron micrographs of coenenchymal sclerites. Scale bar = 0.04 mm.
	Figure 16. Chromoplexaura marki (CAS 168895). Scanning electron micrographs of the polyp sclerites. Scale bar = 0.04 mm.
	Figure 17. Chromoplexaura marki. Variation in sclerite form. A, B, D, E, F, H, L, M (CAS 096766) C, G, I, J, K (CAS 173222). Scale bar = 0.10 mm.
	Figure 18. Euplexaura sp. (CAS 107595). A, B, D Coenenchymal sclerites C, E Polyp sclerites. Scale bar = 0.10 mm.
	Figure 19. Map of the North American Pacific coast showing collecting localities for Cryptophyton jedsmithi sp. n. (*), Cryptophyton goddardi (●), Chromoplexaura marki (▲), and Gersemia lambi sp. n. (■). Arrows designate type localities.