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Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
2013 Jan 01;2013:619361. doi: 10.1155/2013/619361.
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Cytotoxic Activity of Six Samples of Brazilian Propolis on Sea Urchin (Lytechinus variegatus) Eggs.
Fernandes-Silva CC
,
Freitas JC
,
Salatino A
,
Salatino ML
.
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The cytotoxic activities of extracts of four samples of propolis from the state of Minas Gerais (Southeast Brazil) and two from the state of Paraná (South Brazil) were evaluated using sea urchin (Lytechinus variegatus) eggs. Cytotoxic activity was observed, characterized mainly by the inhibition of the first cleavage of newly fertilized eggs. Methanol extracts at 32 µg mL(-1) of all samples were highly active (97-100%). Extracts were also prepared by successive treatments of the samples with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol. High activity was observed using the ethyl acetate fractions of all samples, but hexane and chloroform fractions of some samples also had high activity. Based on the chemical composition of the extracts and fractions (published previously), it is hypothesized that the cytotoxic activities observed are due mainly to artepillin C, p-coumaric acid, and kaempferide. The results suggest that caffeoylquinic acids have no cytotoxic activity in sea urchin eggs.
Figure 1. Micrographs evidencing the effect of methanol extract and fractions of samples of Brazilian propolis at 32 μg mL−1 on the initial development of sea urchin (Lytechinus variegatus) embryos. (a) control (ethanol): normal development; (b) effect of methanol extract of sample D: inhibition of egg cleavage; (c) effect of chloroform fraction of sample D: eggs with abnormal division; (d) effect of ethyl acetate fraction of sample A: eggs with abnormal division or inhibition of cleavage. A and D: samples from Minas Gerais state. For detailed information regarding the activity of extracts of all samples and extracts, see Table 1. Scale bars = 100 μm.
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