Hirooka Y et al. (2012), A monograph of Allantonectria, Nectria, and Ple...

ECB-ART-42461

Stud Mycol 2012 Mar 15;711:1-210. doi: 10.3114/sim0001.

Show Gene links Show Anatomy links

A monograph of Allantonectria, Nectria, and Pleonectria (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota) and their pycnidial, sporodochial, and synnematous anamorphs.

Hirooka Y , Rossman AY , Samuels GJ , Lechat C , Chaverri P .

???displayArticle.abstract???
UNLABELLED: Although Nectria is the type genus of Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota), the systematics of the teleomorphic and anamorphic state of Nectriasensu Rossman has not been studied in detail. The objectives of this study are to 1) provide a phylogenetic overview to determine if species of Nectria with Gyrostroma, Tubercularia, and Zythiostroma anamorphs form a monophyletic group; 2) define Nectria, segregate genera, and their species using morphologically informative characters of teleomorphic and anamorphic states; and 3) provide descriptions and illustrations of these genera and species. To accomplish these objectives, results of phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequence data from six loci (act, ITS, LSU, rpb1, tef1 and tub), were integrated with morphological characterisations of anamorphs and teleomorphs. Results from the phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that species previously regarded as the genus Nectria having Gyrostroma,Tubercularia, and Zythiostroma anamorphs belong in two major paraphyletic clades. The first major clade regarded as the genus Pleonectria contains 26 species with ascoconidia produced by ascospores in asci, perithecial walls having bright yellow scurf, and immersed or superficial pycnidial anamorphs (Zythiostroma = Gyrostroma). A lineage basal to the Pleonectria clade includes Nectria miltina having very small, aseptate ascospores, and trichoderma-like conidiophores and occurring on monocotyledonous plants. These characteristics are unusual in Pleonectria, thus we recognise the monotypic genus Allantonectria with Allantonectria miltina. The second major clade comprises the genus Nectriasensu stricto including the type species, N. cinnabarina, and 28 additional species. Within the genus Nectria, four subclades exist. One subclade includes species with sporodochial anamorphs and another with synnematous anamorphs. The other two paraphyletic subclades include species that produce abundant stromata in which the large perithecia are immersed, large ascospores, and peculiar anamorphs that form pycnidia or sporodochia either on their natural substrate or in culture. In this study the evolution of species, morphology, and ecology of the three genera, Allantonectria, Nectria, and Pleonectria, are discussed based on the phylogenetic analyses. In addition, descriptions, illustrations, and keys for identification are presented for the 56 species in Allantonectria, Nectria, and Pleonectria. TAXONOMIC NOVELTIES: New species:Nectria argentinensis Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Nectria berberidicola Hirooka, Lechat, Rossman, & P. Chaverri, Nectria himalayensis Hirooka, Rossman, & P. Chaverri, Nectria magnispora Hirooka, Rossman, & P. Chaverri, Nectria mariae Hirooka, Fournier, Lechat, Rossman, & P. Chaverri, Nectriapyriformis Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Pleonectria boothii Hirooka, Rossman & Chaverri, Pleonectria clavatispora Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Pleonectria ilicicola Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Pleonectria okinawensis Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Pleonectria pseudomissouriensis Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Pleonectria quercicola Hirooka, Checa, Areual, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Pleonectria strobi Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri. New combinations:Cosmospora proteae (Marinc., M.J. Wingf. & Crous) Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Nectricladiellaviticola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Neocosmospora guarapiensis (Speg.) Hirooka, Samuels, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Neocosmospora rehmiana (Kirschstein) Hirooka, Samuels, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Pleonectria aquifolii (Fr.) Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Pleonectria aurigera (Berk. & Rav.) Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Pleonectria chlorinella (Cooke) Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Pleonectria coryli (Fuckel) Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Pleonectria cucurbitula (Tode: Fr.) Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Pleonectria lonicerae (Seeler) Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Pleonectria rosellinii (Carestia) Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Pleonectria rubicarpa (Cooke) Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Pleonectria sinopica (Fr.: Fr.) Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Pleonectria sphaerospora (Ellis & Everh) Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Pleonectria virens (Harkn.) Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Pleonectria zanthoxyli (Peck) Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri.

???displayArticle.pubmedLink??? 22685364
???displayArticle.pmcLink??? PMC3310236
???displayArticle.link??? Stud Mycol

Genes referenced: LOC100888242 LOC100893907 LOC115919910 LOC115925415 LOC583794 LOC589952 LOC590297 snai2

???attribute.lit??? ???displayArticles.show???

	Fig. 1. Cladogram of combined act, tub, rpb1, ITS, LSU, and tef1 based on Bayesian analysis (â€“55689.665). Values at branches indicate Bayesian posterior probabilities (BI PP)/Maximum Likelihood bootstrap (ML BP)/Maximum parsimony bootstrap (MP BP). Only values for species clades are listed. Other branch support values > 70 % are indicated by thicker lines.
	Fig. 2. Cladogram of Clade I of the combined act, tub, rpb1, ITS, LSU, and tef1 based on Bayesian analysis with geography, host, and morphological characters.
	Fig. 3. Cladogram of Clade II of the combined act, tub, rpb1, ITS, LSU, and tef1 based on Bayesian analysis with geography, host, and morphological characters.
	Fig. 4Aâ€“I. Allantonectria miltina on natural substrata (teleomorph). Aâ€“C. Perithecia on natural substrata; D. Median section of perithecia; E. Median section of perithecial wall; Fâ€“H. Asci; I. Ascospores. Scale bars: A = 2 mm; B = 1 mm; C = 500 Î¼m; D = 200 Î¼m; E, F = 50 Î¼m; Gâ€“I = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 5Aâ€“C. Allantonectria miltina on natural substrata (teleomorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores. Scale bars: A = 100 Î¼m; B, C = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 6Aâ€“P. Anamorph of Allantonectria miltina in culture. A. Cultures after 7 d at 25 Â°C on PDA; B. Abundant conidiophores and conidial mass produced on the SNA surface; C, D. Conidiophores and conidial mass on SNA; E. Lateral phialidic pegs on SNA; Fâ€“I. Trichoderma-like conidiophores and conidia on SNA; Jâ€“M. Rhizomorph-like hyphae on SNA; N. Conidia on SNA; O, P. Mature conidia and young conidia on SNA. Scale bars: A = 30 mm; B, J, K = 50 Î¼m; Câ€“I, Lâ€“P = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 7Aâ€“U. Nectria antarctica on natural substrata (Aâ€“H teleomorph, Iâ€“M teleomorph and anamorph, Nâ€“U anamorph). Aâ€“C. Perithecia on natural substrata; D, E. Median section of perithecia; F. Median section of perithecial wall; G. Ascus; H. Ascospores; I, J. Concave sporodochia and perithecia on natural substrata; K, L. Convex sporodochia and perithecia on natural substrata; M. Median section of convex sporodochium and perithecium; N. Median section of convave sporodochia (black arrows); O. Median section of immature, immersed pycnidia-like conidiomata (black arrows); Pâ€“R. Long and short conidiophores on natural substrata; S. long conidiophore on natural substrata; T. Short conidiophores on natural substrata; U. Conidia on natural substrata. Scale bars: A, Iâ€“L = 1 mm; B, C, M = 500 Î¼m; D, E = 200 Î¼m; F, G, N, O = 50 Î¼m; H = 10 Î¼m, Pâ€“U = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 8Aâ€“F. Nectria antarctica on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph, Dâ€“F anamorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores; D. Median section of convex and concave sporodochia; E. Conidia; F. Long and short conidiophores. Scale bars: A, D = 200 Î¼m; B, C, E, F = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 9Aâ€“M. Anamorph of Nectria antarctica in culture. A. Cultures after 7 d at 25 Â°C on PDA; B, C. Abundant conidiophores and conidial mass produced on the SNA surface; D, E. Conidiophores and conidial mass on SNA; F. Lateral phialidic pegs, conidiophores and conidia on SNA; Gâ€“J. Conidiophores and conidia on SNA; K. Young conidia on SNA; L, M. Mature conidia on SNA. Scale bars: A = 30 mm; B = 1 mm; C = 20 Î¼m; Dâ€“M = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 10Aâ€“P. Nectria argentinensis on natural substrata (Aâ€“H teleomorph, Iâ€“P anamorph). A. Perithecia of N. argentinensis (black arrow) and Rugonectria rugulosa (white arrow) on natural substrata; B. Perithecia on natural substrata; C. Perithecia and sporodochium (arrow) on natural substrata; D. Median section of perithecium; E. Median section of perithecial wall; F. Ascus; G. Ascospores in surface view; H. Ascospores in optical section; I, J. Astipitate sporodochia on natural substrata; K. Median section of astipitate sporodochium; L. Short acropleurogenous conidiophores on natural substrata; Mâ€“O. Verticillate conidiophores on natural substrata; P. Conidia on natural substrata. Scale bars: Aâ€“C, K = 500 Î¼m; D, N, O = 50 Î¼m; E, F = 20 Î¼m; G, H, L, M, P = 5 Î¼m; I, J = 1 mm; K = 200 Î¼m.
	Fig. 11Aâ€“F. Nectria argentinensis on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph, Dâ€“F anamorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores; D. Median section of astipitate sporodochium; E. Conidia; F. Short acropleurogenous and verticillate conidiophores. Scale bars: A, D = 100 Î¼m; B, C, E, F = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 12Aâ€“B. Graphs of 95 % confidence intervals of high and diameter ratios of perithecia in Nectria argentinensis and Rugonectria rugulosa on the holotype specimen of N. argentinensis. B. Graphs of 95 % confidence intervals of width ratios of perithecial wall in Nectria argentinensis and Rugonectria rugulosa on the holotype specimen of N. argentinensis.
	Fig. 13Aâ€“Q. Nectria asiatica on natural substrata (A teleomorph and anamorph, Bâ€“F teleomorph, Gâ€“Q anamorph). A. Perithecia (black arrow) and sporodochia (white arrow) on natural substrata; B. Perithecia on natural substrata; C. Median section of perithecium; D. Median section of perithecial wall; E. Ascus; F. Ascospores; G, H. Short stipitate sporodochium on natural substrata; Iâ€“K. Median section of short stipitate sporodochia; L. Hymenium on natural substrata; Mâ€“P. Acropleurogenous conidiophores on natural substrata; Q. Conidia on natural substrata. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B, C, Gâ€“K = 300 Î¼m; D, Lâ€“Q = 50 Î¼m; E, F = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 14Aâ€“F. Nectria asiatica on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph, Dâ€“F anamorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores; D. Median section of astipitate sporodochium; E. Conidia; F. Acropleurogenous conidiophores. Scale bars: A, D = 200 Î¼m; B, C, D, F = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 15Aâ€“K. Anamorph of Nectria asiatica in culture. A. Cultures after 7 d at 25 Â°C on PDA; B. Abundant aerial conidiophores and conidial mass produced on the SNA surface; Câ€“E. Lateral phialidic pegs on SNA; F, G. Conidiophores and conidia on SNA; H. Young conidia on SNA; I. Young conidia and mature conidia on SNA; J. Budding mature conidia on SNA; K. Budding and germinating mature conidia (arrow) that were streaked onto SNA. Scale bars: A = 30 mm; B = 500 Î¼m; Câ€“K = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 16Aâ€“C. Nectria aurantiaca on natural substrata (Aâ€“C anamorph). Aâ€“C. Long sporodochia on natural substrata. Scale bars: Aâ€“C = 500 Î¼m.
	Fig. 17Aâ€“L. Nectria aurantiaca in culture. A. Cultures after 7 d at 25 Â°C on PDA; B. Conidiophores and conidial mass produced on the SNA surface; C. Lateral phialidic peg on SNA; Dâ€“I. Conidiophores and conidia on SNA; J. Young conidia on SNA; K. Mature conidia on SNA; L. Chlamydospores on SNA. Scale bars: A = 30 mm; B = 500 Î¼m; C = 5 Î¼m; Dâ€“L = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 18Aâ€“S. Nectria australiensis on natural substrata (A teleomorph and anamorph, Bâ€“I teleomorph, Jâ€“S anamorph). A. Perithecia (black arrow) and synnema (white arrow) on natural substrata; B, C. Perithecia on natural substrata; D. Median section of perithecia; E. Median section of perithecial wall; F, G. Asci; H. Ascospores in surface view; I. Ascospores in optical section; J, K. Synnemata on natural substrata; L, M. Ornamental hyphae on stipe; N. Sterile hyphae and conidiophores on natural substrata; O. Sterile hyphae on natural substrata; Pâ€“R. Conidiophores on natural substrata; S. Conidia on natural substrata. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B, C, J, K = 500 Î¼m; D = 300 Î¼m; Eâ€“G, Lâ€“R = 40 Î¼m; H, I, S = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 19Aâ€“F. Nectria australiensis on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph, Dâ€“F anamorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Asci; C. Ascospores; D. Median section of synnema; E. Conidia; F. Sterile hyphae and conidiophores. Scale bars: A, D = 200 Î¼m; B, C, E, F = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 20Aâ€“N. Nectria balansae on natural substrata (Aâ€“M teleomorph, N. specimen packet of Nectria balansae Holotype: LPS 1574). Aâ€“D. Perithecia on natural substrata; E. Median section of perithecium; F. Median section of perithecium in LA; G. Median section of perithecium in KOH; H. Median section of perithecial apex; I. Median section of perithecial wall; J, K. Asci; L. Ascospores in surface view; M. Ascospores in optical section; N. Specimen packet of Nectria balansae Holotype: LPS 1574. Scale bars: A = 5 mm; Bâ€“D = 500 Î¼m; Eâ€“G = 100 Î¼m; Hâ€“K = 50 Î¼m; L, M = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 21Aâ€“C. Nectria balansae on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph). A. Median section of mature perithecia; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores. Scale bars: A = 200 Î¼m; B, C = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 22Aâ€“D. Anamorph of Nectria balansae in culture. A. Cultures after 7 d at 25 Â°C on PDA; B. Swollen hyphae on SNA; C, D. Chlamydospores on SNA. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; Bâ€“D = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 23Aâ€“T. Nectria berberidicola on natural substrata (Aâ€“I teleomorph, Jâ€“T anamorph). A, B. Perithecia on natural substrata; C, D. Median section of perithecia; E. Median section of perithecial apex; F. Median section of perithecial wall; G. Ascus; H, I. Ascospores in surface view; J, K. Sporodochia on natural substrata; L, M. Median section of sporodochia; Nâ€“Q. Acropleurogenous conidiophores and verticillate conidiophores on natural substrata; R. Verticillate conidiophores on natural substrata; S. Acropleurogenously developing phialides on natural substrata; T. Conidia on natural substrata. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B, C, J, K = 300 Î¼m; D, L = 100 Î¼m; Eâ€“G, M, N, O = 50 Î¼m; H, I = 10 Î¼m; Pâ€“T = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 24Aâ€“F. Nectria berberidicola on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph, Dâ€“F anamorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores; D. Median section of astipitate sporodochium; E. Conidia; F. Acropleurogenous conidiophores and verticillate conidiophores. Scale bars: A, D = 100 Î¼m; B, C, E, F = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 25Aâ€“P. Anamorph of Nectria berberidicola in culture. A. Cultures after 7 d at 25 Â°C on PDA; Bâ€“D. Lateral phialidic pegs and conidia on SNA; Eâ€“L. Conidiophores on SNA; M. Young conidia on SNA; N. Mature conidia on SNA; O. Chlamydospores on SNA; P. Long stipitate sporodochia on SNA. Scale bars: A = 30 mm; Bâ€“O = 10 Î¼m; P = 500 Î¼m.
	Fig. 26Aâ€“Q. Nectria canadensis on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph and anamorph, Dâ€“I teleomorph, Jâ€“Q. anamorph). Aâ€“C. Perithecia and long stipitate sporodochia on natural substrata; D. Perithecia on natural substrata; E. Median section of perithecium; F. Median section of perithecial wall; G. Asci; H. Ascospores; I. Budding ascospore; J. Median section of long stipitate sporodochia; K. Median section of hymenium; L. Median section of long stipitate sporodochial wall and immature perithecium (arrow); M. Abundant conidiophores on natural substrata; N. Verticillate conidiophores on natural substrata; O, P. Short acropleurogenous conidiophores (black arrows) and verticillate conidiophores on natural substrata; Q. Conidia on natural substrata. Scale bars: A, D, J = 1 mm; B, C = 3 mm; E, K = 300 Î¼m; F, L, M = 50 Î¼m; G, H, I, Nâ€“P = 20 Î¼m; Q = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 27Aâ€“F. Nectria canadensis on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph, Dâ€“F anamorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores; D. Median section of long stipitate sporodochia; E. Conidia; F. Short acropleurogenous and verticillate conidiophores. Scale bars: A, D = 200 Î¼m; B, C, E, F = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 28Aâ€“G. Nectria cingulata on natural substrata. A, B. Perithecia on natural substrata; C. Median section of perithecia; D. Median section of perithecial wall; E, F. Asci; G. Ascospores. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B = 500 Î¼m; C= 100 Î¼m; D = 50 Î¼m; Eâ€“G = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 29Aâ€“C. Nectria cingulata on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores. Scale bars: A = 200 Î¼m; B, C = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 30Aâ€“Q. Nectria cinnabarina on natural substrata (A, C, H, I teleomorph and anamorph, B, Dâ€“G teleomorph, Jâ€“Q anamorph). A, H, I. Perithecia (black arrows) and long stipitate sporodochia (white arrows) on natural substrata; B. Perithecia on natural substrata; C. Median section of perithecium (black arrow) and sporodochium (white arrow); D. Median section of perithecium E. Median section of perithecial wall; F. Ascus; G. Ascospores; J. Long stipitate sporodochium; K, L. Median section of long stipitate sporodochia; M, N. Acropleurogenous conidiophores on natural substrata; O, P. Acropleurogenously developing phialides on natural substrata; Q. Conidia on natural substrata. Scale bars: Aâ€“C, H, I = 500 Î¼m; D = 100 Î¼m; E, F = 50 Î¼m; G, Mâ€“P = 20 Î¼m; Jâ€“L = 1 mm; Q = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 31Aâ€“F. Nectria cinnabarina on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph, Dâ€“F anamorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores; D. Median section of long stipitate sporodochium; E. Conidia; F. Acropleurogenous conidiophores. Scale bars: A, D = 200 Î¼m; Bâ€“F = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 32Aâ€“M. Anamorph of Nectria cinnabarina in culture. A. Cultures after 7 d at 25 Â°C on PDA; B. Aerial conidiophores and conidial mass produced on the SNA surface; C, D. Lateral phialidic pegs and conidia on SNA; Eâ€“H. Conidiophores and conidia on SNA; I. Young conidia on SNA; J. Mature conidia on SNA; Kâ€“M. Budding mature conidia on SNA. Scale bars: A = 30 mm; B = 500 Î¼m; Câ€“M = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 33Aâ€“P. Nectria dematiosa on natural substrata (Aâ€“C, Eâ€“J teleomorph, D teleomorph and anamorph, Kâ€“P anamorph). Aâ€“C. Perithecia on natural substrata; D. Perithecia (black arrow) and astipitate sporodochium (white arrow) on natural substrata; E. Median section of perithecium; F. Median section of perithecial wall; G. Apex of ascus; H Asci; I, J. Ascospores; K, L. Astipitate sporodochia; M. Median section of astipitate sporodochium; N, O. Acropleurogenous conidiophores and acropleurogenously developing phialides on natural substrata; P. Conidia on natural substrata. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; Bâ€“D, Kâ€“M = 500 Î¼m; E = 100 Î¼m; F = 50 Î¼m; Gâ€“J, Nâ€“P = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 34Aâ€“F. Nectria dematiosa on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph, Dâ€“F anamorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores; D. Median section of astipitate sporodochium; E. Conidia; F. Acropleurogenous conidiophores. Scale bars: A, D = 200 Î¼m; B, C, E, F = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 35Aâ€“P. Anamorph of Nectria dematiosa in culture. A. Cultures after 7 d at 25 Â°C on PDA; B. Aerial conidiophores and conidial mass produced on the SNA surface; C. D. Lateral phialidic pegs and conidia on SNA; E, F. Conidiophores and conidia on SNA; G. Densely blanched aerial conidiophores on SNA; H. Mature conidia and young conidia of N. dematiosa subclade A. I. Mature conidia and young conidia of N. dematiosa subclade B. J. Mature conidia and young conidia of N. dematiosa subclade C. K. Germinating mature conidia (arrows) of N. dematiosa subclade A on SNA. L. Germinating mature conidia (arrows) of N. dematiosa aubclade B on SNA. M. Germinating mature conidia (arrow) of N. dematiosa subclade C on SNA. N. Germinating mature conidia of N. dematiosa subclade A that were streaked onto SNA. O. Germinating mature conidia of N. dematiosa subclade B that were streaked onto SNA. P. Germinating mature conidia of N. dematiosa subclade C that were streaked onto SNA. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; B = 30 Î¼m; Câ€“P = 15 Î¼m.
	Fig. 36Aâ€“P. Nectria himalayensis on natural substrata (A, B teleomorph and anamorph, Câ€“I teleomorph, Jâ€“P anamorph). A, B. Perithecia (black arrows) and short stipitate sporodochium (white arrows) on natural substrata; C. Perithecia on natural substrata; D. Median section of perithecium; E. Median section of perithecial apex; F. Median section of perithecial wall; G. Asci; H. Ascospores in surface view; I. Ascospores in optical section; J. Short stipitate sporodochia on natural substrata; K. Median section of short stipitate sporodochium on natural substrata; Lâ€“N. Acropleurogenous conidiophores on natural substrata; O. Acropleurogenously developing phialides on natural substrata; P. Conidia on natural substrata. Scale bars: Aâ€“C, J = 500 Î¼m; Dâ€“F, K = 100 Î¼m; G = 50 Î¼m; H, I, Lâ€“P = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 37Aâ€“F. Nectria himalayensis on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph, Dâ€“F anamorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores; D. Median section of short stipitate sporodochium; E. Conidia; F. Acropleurogenous conidiophores. Scale bars: A, D = 100 Î¼m; B, C, E, F = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 38Aâ€“P. Nectria hoheriae on natural substrata (Aâ€“L teleomorph, Mâ€“P anamorph). Aâ€“C. Perithecia on natural substrata; D. Median section of perithecia; E. Median section of perithecial wall at edge of stroma; F. Median section of stroma; G Ascus; Hâ€“L. Ascospores; M. Sporodochia on natural substrata; N, O. Conidiophores, long sterile hyphae and conidia on natural substrata; P. Conidia on natural substrata. Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B, C, M = 1 mm; Dâ€“F = 100 Î¼m; G, N = 50 Î¼m; Hâ€“L, O, P = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 39Aâ€“F. Nectria hoheriae on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph, Dâ€“F anamorph). A. Median section of mature perithecia; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores; D. Median section of Sporodochium; E. Conidia; F. Conidiophores. Scale bars: A, D = 200 Î¼m; B, C, E, F = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 40Aâ€“Q. Nectria lateritia on natural substrata (Aâ€“F teleomorph, Gâ€“O anamorph, P, Q packet and specimen of Calonectria erythrina K 163338). A, B. Perithecia on natural substrata; C. Median section of perithecium; D. Median section of perithecial wall; E. Ascus; F. Ascospores in surface view; G, H. Synnemata on natural substrata; I, J. Ornamental hyphae on stipe; K, L. Sterile hyphae on natural substrata; M, N. Conidiophores on natural substrata; O. Conidia on natural substrata; P, Q. Packet and specimen of Calonectria erythrina K 163338. Scale bars: A, B, G, H = 500 Î¼m; C = 100 Î¼m; D, K, L = 50 Î¼m; E, I, J = 20 Î¼m; F, Mâ€“O = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 41Aâ€“F. Nectria lateritia on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph, Dâ€“F anamorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores; D. Median section of synnema; E. Conidia; F. Sterile hyphae and conidiophores. Scale bars: A, D = 200 Î¼m; Bâ€“F = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 42Aâ€“M. Nectria magnispora on natural substrata (Aâ€“J teleomorph, Kâ€“M anamorph). Aâ€“C. Perithecia on natural substrata; D. Median section of perithecium; E. Median section of perithecial apex; F. Median section of perithecial wall; G. Ascus; Hâ€“J. Ascospores; K. Median section of pycnidium on natural substrata; L. Conidiophores on natural substrata; M. Conidia on natural substrata. Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B, C = 1 mm; Dâ€“F, K = 100 Î¼m; Gâ€“J = 30 Î¼m; L, M = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 43Aâ€“E. Nectria magnispora on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph, D, E anamorph). A. Median section of mature perithecia; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores; D. Median section of pycnidium; E. Conidia. Scale bars: A, D = 200 Î¼m; B, C, E = 20 Î¼m;, F = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 44Aâ€“P. Anamorph of Nectria magnispora in culture. A. Cultures after 7 d at 25 Â°C on PDA; B, C. Abundant conidial mass on SNA; Dâ€“G. Short conidiophores producing microconidia on SNA; H. Microconidia on SNA; Iâ€“L. Long conidiophores producing macroconidia on SNA; M. Macroconidia on SNA; N. Chlamydospores on SNA; O. Swollen hyphae on SNA; P. Pycnidium on SNA. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; B, C, P = 100 Î¼m; Dâ€“O = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 45Aâ€“I. Nectria mariae on natural substrata (teleomorph). A, B. Perithecia on natural substrata; C. Section of fresh mature perithecia on natural substrata; D, E. Median section of perithecia; F. Median section of perithecial wall; G. Ascus; H. Ascospores; I. Ascospore in surface view. Scale bars: Aâ€“C = 1 mm; Dâ€“F = 100 Î¼m; G, H = 30 Î¼m; I = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 46Aâ€“C. Nectria mariae on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph). A. Median section of mature perithecia; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores. Scale bars: A = 200 Î¼m; B, C = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 47Aâ€“N. Anamorph of Nectria mariae in culture. A. Cultures after 7 d at 25 Â°C on PDA; B, C. Conidial mass on SNA; D. Short conidiogenous cell producing microconidia on SNA; Eâ€“G. Short conidiophores producing microconidia on SNA; H. Long conidiogenous cell producing macroconidia on SNA; Iâ€“L. Long conidiophores producing macroconidia on SNA; M. Microconidia on SNA; N. Microconidia and macroconidia on SNA. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; B, C = 100 Î¼m; Dâ€“N = 30 Î¼m.
	Fig. 48Aâ€“M. Nectria neorehmiana on natural substrata (Aâ€“E teleomorph, F teleomorph and anamorph. Gâ€“M. anamorph). A. Perithecia on natural substrata; B. Median section of perithecium; C. Median section of perithecial wall; D. Asci; E. Ascospores; F. Perithecium (black arrow) and synnemata (white arrows) on natural substrata; G. Synnema on natural substrata; H. Surface of stalk; Iâ€“L. Conidiophores on natural substrata; M. Conidia on natural substrata. Scale bars: A, F, G = 500 Î¼m; Bâ€“D, H = 50 Î¼m; E, Iâ€“L = 20 Î¼m; M = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 49Aâ€“F. Nectria neorehmiana on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph, Dâ€“F anamorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores; D. Median section of synnema; E. Conidia; F. Conidiophores. Scale bars: A, D = 100 Î¼m; B, C, E, F = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 50Aâ€“T. Nectria nigrescens on natural substrata (A teleomorph and anamorph, Bâ€“F teleomorph, Gâ€“T anamorph). A. Perithecia (black arrows) and astipitate sporodochia (white arrows) on natural substrata; B. Perithecia on natural substrata; C. Median section of perithecia; D. Median section of perithecial wall; E. Ascus; F. Ascospores; Gâ€“K. Long and short stipitate sporodochia; L. Median section of long stipitate sporodochium; M. Edge of long stipitate sporodochium; N. Median section of short stipitate sporodochium; O. Edge of short stipitate sporodochium; Pâ€“S. Acropleurogenous conidiophores and acropleurogenously developing phialides on natural substrata; T. Conidia on natural substrata. Scale bars: A, Gâ€“I = 1 mm; B, Jâ€“O = 500 Î¼m; C = 100 Î¼m; D, E, P = 50 Î¼m; F, T = 10 Î¼m; Qâ€“S = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 51Aâ€“F. Nectria nigrescens on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph, Dâ€“F anamorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores; D. Median section of short and long stipitate sporodochia; E. Conidia; F. Acropleurogenous conidiophores. Scale bars: A, D = 100 Î¼m; B, C, E, F = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 52Aâ€“Q. Anamorph of Nectria nigrescens in culture. A. Cultures after 7 d at 25 Â°C on PDA; B. Aerial conidiophores and conidial mass produced on the SNA surface; Câ€“F. Lateral phialidic pegs and conidia on SNA; Gâ€“I. Conidiophores and conidia on SNA; J. Young conidia on SNA; K. Young and mature conidiaon SNA; L, M. Budding mature conidia on SNA; Nâ€“Q. Germinating mature conidia that were streaked onto SNA. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; B = 500 Î¼m; C, D, N = 30 Î¼m; Eâ€“M, Oâ€“Q = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 53Aâ€“O. Nectria noackiana on natural substrata (A, B teleomorph and anamorph. Câ€“G teleomorph, Hâ€“O anamorph). A, B. Perithecia (black arrows) and synnemata (white arrows) on natural substrata; C. Perithecia on natural substrata; D. Median section of perithecia; E. Median section of perithecial wall; F. Ascus; G. Ascospores; H. Synnema on natural substrata; I. Surface of stalk; Jâ€“L. Sterile hyphae and conidiophores on natural substrata; M. Conidiophores on natural substrata; N. Conidiogenous cells on natural substrata; O. Conidia on natural substrata. Scale bars: Aâ€“C, H = 500 Î¼m; D = 100 Î¼m; E, F, Iâ€“L = 50 Î¼m; G, M = 20 Î¼m; N, O. = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 54Aâ€“F. Nectria noackiana on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph, Dâ€“F anamorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores; D. Median section of synnema; E. Conidia; F. Sterile hyphae and conidiophores. Scale bars: A, D = 200 Î¼m; B, C, E, F = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 55Aâ€“H. Nectria novaezelandiae on natural substrata (Aâ€“H teleomorph). A, B. Perithecia on natural substrata; C. Median section of perithecium; D. Median section of perithecial wall; E. Ascus; F. Ascospore in surface view; G, H. Ascospores in optical section. Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B = 1 mm; C = 100 Î¼m; D, E = 20 Î¼m; Fâ€“H = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 56Aâ€“C. Nectria novaezelandiae on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores. Scale bars: A = 200 Î¼m; B, C = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 57Aâ€“N. Nectria paraguayensis on natural substrata (Aâ€“I teleomorph, J, K teleomorph and Patellina amoena, Lâ€“N. Patellina amoena). Aâ€“C. Perithecia on natural substrata; D, E. Median section of perithecia; F. Median section of perithecial wall; G. Ascus; H. Ascospore in surface view; I. Ascospores in optical section; J, K. teleomorph and Patellina amoena on natural substrata (white arrows); L. Patellina amoena on natural substrata (white arrows); M. Median section of apothecium of Patellina amoena; N. Median section of apothecial wall of Patellina amoena. Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B, C, Jâ€“L = 1 Î¼m; D, E, M = 100 Î¼m; F, N = 50 Î¼m; Gâ€“I = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 58Aâ€“C. Nectria paraguayensis on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores. Scale bars: A = 200 Î¼m; B, C = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 59Aâ€“R. Nectria polythalama on natural substrata (A, B, H teleomorph and anamorph, Câ€“G teleomorph, Iâ€“R anamorph). A, B, H. Perithecia and synnemata on natural substrata; C. Median section of perithecium; D. Median section of perithecial wall; E. Ascus; F. Ascospore in optical section; G. Ascospores in surface view; I, J. Synnemata on natural substrata; K, L. Ornamental hyphae on stipe; Mâ€“O. Sterile hyphae and conidiophores on natural substrata; P, Q. Conidiophores on natural substrata; R. Conidia on natural substrata. Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B, Hâ€“J = 1 mm; C, K = 100 Î¼m; D, E, L = 50 Î¼m; F, G, Q, R = 10 Î¼m; Mâ€“P = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 60Aâ€“F. Nectria polythalama on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph, Dâ€“F anamorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores; D. Median section of synnema; E. Conidia; F. Sterile hyphae and conidiophores. Scale bars: A, D = 200 Î¼m; B, C, E, F = 20 Î¼
	Fig. 61Aâ€“L. Anamorph of Nectria polythalama in culture. A. Cultures after 7 d at 25 Â°C on PDA; B. Lateral phialidic pegs and conidial mass on SNA; C. Lateral phialidic pegs and conidia on SNA; Dâ€“G. Conidiophores and conidia on SNA; H. Young conidia on SNA; I. Mature conidiaon SNA; J. Budding (black arrow) and germinating (white arrow) mature conidia on SNA; K, L. Germinating mature conidia that were streaked onto SNA. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; B = 100 Î¼m; Câ€“L = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 62Aâ€“I. Nectria pseudadelphica on natural substrata (teleomorph). A, B. Perithecia on natural substrata; C. Median section of perithecium; D. Median section of perithecial wall; E. Ascus; F. Apex of asci; G. Ascospores; H. Ascospore in surface view; I. Ascospore in optical section. Scale bars: A = 500 Î¼m; B, C = 100 Î¼m; D, E = 50 Î¼m; F, G = 30 Î¼m; H, I = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 63Aâ€“C. Nectria pseudadelphica on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores. Scale bars: A = 200 Î¼m; B, C = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 64Aâ€“Q. Nectria pseudocinnabarina on natural substrata (A, I teleomorph and anamorph, Bâ€“H teleomorph, Jâ€“Q anamorph). A, I. Perithecia and synnemata on natural substrata; B, C. Perithecia on natural substrata; D. Median section of perithecia; E, F. Median section of perithecial walls; G. Ascus; H. Ascospores; J, K. Synnemata on natural substrata; L. Ornamental hyphae on stipe; M. Abundant conidiophores on natural substrata; N, O. Sterile hyphae and conidiophores on natural substrata; P. Conidiophores on natural substrata; Q. Conidia on natural substrata. Scale bars: Aâ€“C, I = 1 mm; D, J, K = 300 Î¼m; Eâ€“G, M, N = 50 Î¼m; H, L, Oâ€“Q = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 65Aâ€“F. Nectria pseudocinnabarina on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph, Dâ€“F anamorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores; D. Median section of synnema; E. Conidia; F. Sterile hyphae and conidiophores. Scale bars: A, D = 200 Î¼m; B, C, E, F = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 66Aâ€“O. Anamorph of Nectria pseudocinnabarina in culture. A. Cultures after 7 d at 25 Â°C on PDA; B. Conidial mass on SNA surface; Câ€“E. Lateral phialidic pegs and conidia on SNA; Fâ€“K. Conidiophores and conidia on SNA; L. Young conidia on SNA; M. Mature conidia on SNA; N. Perithecia on SNA; O. Synnema on SNA. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; B, N, O = 500 Î¼m; C = 50 Î¼m; Dâ€“J, L, M = 20 Î¼m; K = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 67Aâ€“W. Nectria pseudotrichia on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph and anamorph, Dâ€“N teleomorph, Oâ€“W anamorph). Aâ€“C. Perithecia and synnemata on natural substrata; Dâ€“F. Perithecia on natural substrata; G. Median section of perithecia; H. Median section of perithecial apex; I. Median section of perithecial wall; J. Ascus; K, M. Ascospore in surface view; L N. Ascospores in optical section; Oâ€“Q. Synnemata on natural substrata; R, S. Ornamental hyphae on stipe; T, U. Sterile hyphae and conidiophores on natural substrata; V. Conidiophores on natural substrata; W. Conidia on natural substrata. Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B, C, Oâ€“Q = 1 mm; Dâ€“F = 500 Î¼m; G = 100 Î¼m; Hâ€“J, Râ€“U = 50 Î¼m; Kâ€“N, V, W = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 68Aâ€“C. Nectria pseudotrichia in culture (teleomorph). A. Budding ascospores streaked onto SNA; B, C. Budding and germinating ascospores streaked onto SNA. Scale bars: Aâ€“C = 30 Î¼m.
	Fig. 69Aâ€“F. Nectria pseudotrichia on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph, Dâ€“F anamorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores; D. Median section of synnema; E. Conidia; F. Sterile hyphae and conidiophores. Scale bars: A, D = 200 Î¼m; B, C, E, F = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 70Aâ€“Q. Anamorph of Nectria pseudotrichia in culture. A. Cultures after 7 d at 25 Â°C on PDA; B. Abundant conidiophores and conidial mass produced on the SNA surface; Câ€“E. Lateral phialidic pegs and conidia on SNA; Fâ€“M. Conidiophores and conidia on SNA; N. Young conidia on SNA; O. Young conidia and mature conidia on SNA; P, Q. Germinating mature conidia that were streaked onto SNA. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; B = 50 Î¼m; Câ€“Q = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 71Aâ€“I. Nectria pyriformis on natural substrata (teleomorph). A, B. Perithecia on natural substrata; C, D. Median section of perithecia; E. Median section of perithecial apex; F. Median section of perithecial wall; G. Median section of stroma; H. Asci; I. Ascospores. Scale bars: A, B = 1 mm; Câ€“E = 100 Î¼m; F, G = 50 Î¼m; H, I = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 72Aâ€“C. Nectria pyriformis on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores. Scale bars: A = 100 Î¼m; B, C = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 73Aâ€“M. Nectria sordida on natural substrata (Aâ€“G teleomorph, H packet of Nectria sordida Holotype: LPS 1619, Iâ€“M anamorph). A, B. Perithecia on natural substrata; C. Section of perithecium on natural substrata; D. Median section of perithecial wall; E. Ascus; F, G. Ascospores; H. Packet of Nectria sordida Holotype: LPS 1619; I, J. Sporodochia on natural substrata; K. Median section of sporodochium (white arrow); L. Hyphae of sporodochia; M. Conidia on natural substrata. Scale bars: A, B, I, J = 1 mm; C, D, Kâ€“M = 100 Î¼m; E = 30 Î¼m; F, G = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 74Aâ€“F. Nectria sordida on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph, Dâ€“F anamorph). A. Median section of mature perithecia; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores; D. Median section of sporodochium; E. Conidia; F. Conidiophores. Scale bars: A = 200 Î¼m; Bâ€“E = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 75Aâ€“M. Anamorph of Nectria sordida in culture. A. Cultures after 7 d at 25 Â°C on PDA; B-D. Immature pycnidia on SNA; E, F. Short conidiophores producing microconidia on SNA; Gâ€“K. Long conidiophores producing macroconidia on SNA; L. Microconidia on SNA; M. Micro- and macroconidia on SNA. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; Bâ€“D = 100 Î¼m; Eâ€“M = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 76Aâ€“M. Nectria tucumanensis on natural substrata (teleomorph). Aâ€“C. Perithecia on natural substrata; D. Median section of perithecium; E. Median section of perithecial apex; F. Median section of perithecial wall; G. Ascus; H, J, L. Ascospores in surface view; I, K, M. Ascospores in optical section. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B, C = 500 Î¼m; D = 100 Î¼m; Eâ€“G = 50 Î¼m; Hâ€“M = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 77Aâ€“C. Nectria tucumanensis on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores. Scale bars: A = 200 Î¼m; B, C = 30 Î¼m.
	Fig. 78Aâ€“J. Pleonectria aquifolii on natural substrata (Aâ€“I teleomorph, J. Packet of Nectria aquifolii var. appendiculata Lectotype: LUX 042143). A, B. Perithecia on natural substrata; C. Median section of perithecia on natural substrata; D. Median section of perithecial apex (black arrow); E. Median section of perithecial wall; F, G. Asci; H, I. Ascospores; J. Packet of Nectria aquifolii var. appendiculata Lectotype: LUX 042143. Scale bars: A, B = 1 mm; C = 100 Î¼m; D, E = 50 Î¼m; F, G = 20 Î¼m; H, I = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 79Aâ€“C. Pleonectria aquifolii on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores and ascocoidia. Scale bars: A = 100 Î¼m; B, C = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 80Aâ€“N. Anamorph of Pleonectria aquifolii in culture. A. Cultures after 7 d at 25 Â°C on PDA; B, C. Conidial mass on SNA; Dâ€“G. Lateral phialidic pegs and young conidia on SNA; H, I. Polyphialidic lateral phialidic pegs (black arrows) and young conidia on SNA; J. Conidiophores on SNA; K. Young conidia on SNA; L. Mature conidia on SNA; M. Budding mature conidia on SNA; N. Chlamydospore on SNA. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; B = 100 Î¼m; Câ€“E = 20 Î¼m; Fâ€“N = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 81Aâ€“J. Pleonectria aurigera on natural substrata (teleomorph). Aâ€“D. Perithecia on natural substrata; E. Median section of perithecia on natural substrata; F. Median section of perithecial wall; G, H. Asci; I. Apex of ascus; J. Ascospores. Scale bars: Aâ€“D =500 Î¼m; E, F = 100 Î¼m; G = 20 Î¼m; Hâ€“J = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 82Aâ€“C. Pleonectria aurigera on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores. Scale bars: A = 100 Î¼m; B, C = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 83Aâ€“M. Anamorph of Pleonectria aurigera in culture. A. Cultures after 7 d at 25 Â°C on PDA; B. Conidial mass on SNA; Câ€“H. Lateral phialidic pegs and young conidia on SNA; Iâ€“K. Sporodochial lateral phialidic pegs and young conidia on SNA; L. Young conidia on SNA; M. Young and mature conidia on SNA. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; B = 100 Î¼m; Câ€“F, Iâ€“M = 10 Î¼m; G, H = 5 Î¼m.
	Fig. 84Aâ€“Q. Pleonectria austroamericana on natural substrata (Aâ€“E teleomorph and anamorph, Fâ€“I teleomorph, Jâ€“Q anamorph). Aâ€“D. Perithecia and immersed pycnidia on natural substrata; E. Median section of perithecia (black arrows) and pycnidia (white arrows) on natural substrata; F, G. Median section of perithecial wall (black regions) and abundant yellow scurf (white regions); H. Asci; I. Ascospores; J. Superficial pycnidia on natural substrata; K, L. Median section of superficial pycnidia; Mâ€“O, Sterile hyphae and conidiophores on natural substrata; P. Conidiophores and intercalary phialides (black arrow) on natural substrata; Q. Conidia on natural substrata. Scale bars: Aâ€“D, J =1 mm; E, K, L = 100 Î¼m; Fâ€“H, Mâ€“O = 50 Î¼m; I, P, Q = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 85Aâ€“E. Pleonectria austroamericana on natural substrata (A teleomorph and anamorph, B, C teleomorph, D, E anamorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium and pycnidia; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores; D. Conidia; E. Sterile hypha and conidiophores. Scale bars: A = 200 Î¼m; Bâ€“E = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 86Aâ€“K. Anamorph of Pleonectria austroamericana in culture. A. Cultures after 7 d at 25 Â°C on PDA; Bâ€“D. Lateral phialidic pegs and young conidia on SNA; Eâ€“G. Conidiophores and young conidia on SNA; H, I. Young and mature conidia on SNA; J, K. Pycnidia on SNA. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; Bâ€“I = 10 Î¼m; J = 1 mm; K = 300 Î¼m.
	Fig. 87Aâ€“S. Pleonectria balsamea on natural substrata (A, B teleomorph and anamorph, Câ€“J teleomorph, Kâ€“S anamorph). A. B. Perithecia (black arrows) and pycnidia (white arrows) on natural substrata; C, D. Perithecia on natural substrata; E. Median section of perithecium on natural substrata; F. Median section of perithecial wall; G, H. Asci; I, J. Ascospores; K, L. Superficial pycnidia on natural substrata; M. Median section of superficial pycnidia; N. Median section of superficial pycnidial wall; Oâ€“R. Conidiophores and intercalary phialides (black arrow) on natural substrata; S. Conidia on natural substrata. Scale bars: A =1 mm; Bâ€“D, K, L = 500 Î¼m; E, M = 100 Î¼m; Fâ€“H, N, O = 50 Î¼m; I, J, P, Q = 20 Î¼m; R, S = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 88Aâ€“F. Pleonectria balsamea on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph, Dâ€“F anamorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores; D. Median section of mature Pycnidium; E. Conidia; F. Conidiophores. Scale bars: A, D = 100 Î¼m; B, C = 20 Î¼m; E, F = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 89Aâ€“Q. Anamorph of Pleonectria balsamea in culture. A. Cultures after 7 d at 25 Â°C on PDA; B, C. Lateral phialidic pegs and conidial mass on SNA; Dâ€“I. Lateral phialidic pegs on SNA; Jâ€“N. Conidiophores and conidia on SNA; O. Young conidia on SNA; P. Budding mature conidia on SNA; Q. Pycnidia on SNA. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; B = 50 Î¼m; Câ€“G = 30 Î¼m; Hâ€“P = 10 Î¼m; Q = 200 Î¼m.
	Fig. 90Aâ€“N. Pleonectria berolinensis on natural substrata (Aâ€“L teleomorph, M. Specimen of BPI 550721, N. Specimen of BPI 550726). Aâ€“D. Perithecia on natural substrata; E. Median section of perithecia on natural substrata; F. Median section of perithecial wall; G, H. Asci; I. Ascospores; J, K. Budding ascospores; L. Ascoconidia; M. Perithecia of P. berolinensis (top) and sporodochia of N. cinnabarina (bottom) included in BPI 550721; N. Perithecia of P. berolinensis (top) and sporodochia of N. cinnabarina (bottom) included in BPI 550726. Scale bars: Aâ€“D = 500 Î¼m; E = 100 Î¼m; Fâ€“H = 50 Î¼m; Iâ€“L = 10 Î¼m; M, N = 10 mm.
	Fig. 91Aâ€“C. Pleonectria berolinensis on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores and ascoconidia. Scale bars: A = 100 Î¼m; B, C = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 92Aâ€“O. Anamorph of Pleonectria berolinensis in culture. A. Cultures after 7 d at 25 Â°C on PDA; Bâ€“E. Lateral phialidic pegs and conidial mass on SNA; Fâ€“I. Lateral phialidic pegs on SNA; J. Conidiophores on SNA; K. Young conidia on SNA; L. Mature conidia on SNA; M, N. Budding mature conidia on SNA; O. Germinating mature conidia on SNA. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; B = 100 Î¼m; C, D, F, G, Kâ€“M, O = 30 Î¼m; E, Hâ€“J, N. = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 93Aâ€“S. Pleonectria boothii on natural substrata (Aâ€“K teleomorph, L, M teleomorph and anamorph, Nâ€“S anamorph). A, B. Perithecia on natural substrata; C. Median section of perithecia on natural substrata; D. Median section of perithecial apex of three regions (black arrow); E. Ascus having budding ascospores; F. Ascus having unbudding ascospores; Gâ€“K. Budding ascospores; L. Perithecium (black arrow) and pycnidia (white arrow) on natural substrata; M. Median section of perithecium (black arrow) and pycnidium (white arrow) on natural substrata; N. Median section of pycnidial wall; Oâ€“R. Conidiophores on natural substrata; S. Conidia on natural substrata. Scale bars: A, B, L = 500 Î¼m; C, M = 100 Î¼m; Dâ€“F, Nâ€“P = 50 Î¼m; Gâ€“K, Qâ€“S = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 94Aâ€“F. Pleonectria boothii on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph, Dâ€“F anamorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores and ascoconidia; D. Median section of mature Pycnidium; E. Conidia; F. Conidiophores. Scale bars: A, D = 100 Î¼m; B, C, E, F = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 95Aâ€“I. Anamorph of Pleonectria boothii in culture. A. Cultures after 7 d at 25 Â°C on PDA; B. Lateral phialidic pegs and conidial mass on SNA; Câ€“E. Lateral phialidic pegs on SNA; F, G. Conidiophores on SNA; H. Young conidia on SNA; I. Young and mature conidia on SNA. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; B, C, G = 50 Î¼m; Dâ€“F = 5 Î¼m; H, I = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 96Aâ€“M. Pleonectria chlorinella on natural substrata (teleomorph). Aâ€“D. Perithecia on natural substrata; E. Median section of perithecium on natural substrata; F. Median section of perithecial apex; G. Median section of perithecial wall; H. Ascus having unbudding ascospores; I. Ascus having budding ascospores; Jâ€“M. Budding partâ€“ascospores. Scale bars: Aâ€“D = 500 Î¼m; E = 100 Î¼m; F, G = 50 Î¼m; H, I = 20 Î¼m; Jâ€“M = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 97Aâ€“D. Pleonectria chlorinella on natural substrata (Aâ€“D teleomorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores; D. Partâ€“ascospores and ascoconidia. Scale bars: A = 100 Î¼m; Bâ€“D = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 98Aâ€“H. Pleonectria clavatispora on natural substrata (teleomorph). A, B. Perithecia on natural substrata; C. Median section of perithecia on natural substrata; D. Median section of perithecial wall; E. Ascus having unbudding ascospores; F. Ascus having budding ascospores; G. Ascospore; H. Budding ascospore and ascoconidia. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; B = 500 Î¼m; C = 200 Î¼m; Dâ€“F = 50 Î¼m; G, H = 5 Î¼m.
	Fig. 99Aâ€“C. Pleonectria clavatispora on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores and ascoconidia. Scale bars: A = 100 Î¼m; B, C = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 100Aâ€“N. Pleonectria coryli on natural substrata (teleomorph). Aâ€“E. Perithecia on natural substrata; F. Median section of perithecia on natural substrata; G. Median section of perithecial apex; H. Median section of stroma; I. Ascus having unbudding ascospores; Jâ€“L. Asci having budding ascospores; M, N. Budding ascospores and ascoconidia. Scale bars: Aâ€“E. = 1 mm; F = 200 Î¼m; G, H, K, L = 50 Î¼m; I, J, M, N = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 101Aâ€“C. Pleonectria coryli on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores. Scale bars: A = 100 Î¼m; B, C = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 102Aâ€“L. Anamorph of Pleonectria coryli in culture. A. Cultures after 7 d at 25 Â°C on PDA; B. Conidial mass on SNA surface; Câ€“H. Lateral phialidic pegs and conidia on SNA; I. Conidiophores on SNA; J. Young conidia on SNA; K. Budding (black arrow) and germinating mature conidia on SNA; L. Germinating mature conidia on SNA. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; B = 50 Î¼m; Câ€“F = 5 Î¼m; Gâ€“L = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 103Aâ€“S. Pleonectria cucurbitula on natural substrata (Aâ€“J teleomorph, Kâ€“S anamorph). Aâ€“D. Perithecia on natural substrata; E. Median section of perithecium on natural substrata; F. Median section of perithecial wall; G, H. Ascus having budding ascospores; I. Unbudding ascospore; J. Budding ascospore; K. Pycnidia on bark; L. Pycnidia on leaf; M. Median section of pycnidium on natural substrata; N. Median section of pycnidial wall; Oâ€“R. Conidiophores on natural substrata; S. Conidia on natural substrata. Scale bars: A, B = 1 mm; C, D, K, L = 500 Î¼m; E, M = 100 Î¼m; Fâ€“H, N = 50 Î¼m; I, J, Oâ€“S = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 104Aâ€“F. Pleonectria cucurbitula on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph, Dâ€“F anamorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores and ascoconidia; D. Median section of mature pycnidium; E. Conidia; F. Conidiophores. Scale bars: A, D = 100 Î¼m; B, C = 20 Î¼m; E, F = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 105Aâ€“M. Anamorph of Pleonectria cucurbitula in culture. A, B. Cultures after 7 d at 25 Â°C on PDA; C. Conidial mass on SNA; D, E. Lateral phialidic pegs and conidial mass on SNA; Fâ€“H. Lateral phialidic pegs and conidia on SNA; Iâ€“K. Conidiophores and conidia on SNA; L. Young and mature conidia on SNA; M. Budding mature conidia (black arrows) on SNA. Scale bars: A, B = 3 mm; C = 100 Î¼m; Dâ€“M = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 106Aâ€“O. Pleonectria ilicicola on natural substrata (Aâ€“G teleomorph, H teleomorph and anamorph, Iâ€“O anamorph). Aâ€“C. Perithecia on natural substrata; D. Median section of perithecia on natural substrata; E. Median section of perithecial apex of three regions (black arrow); F. Asci; G. Ascospores; H. Perithecia and immersed pycnidia on natural substrata (white arrow); Iâ€“K. Median section of immersed pycnidia (white arrows) on natural substrata; Lâ€“N. Conidiophores on natural substrata; O. Conidia on natural substrata. Scale bars: Aâ€“C, H = 500 Î¼m; D, Iâ€“K = 100 Î¼m; E, L, M = 50 Î¼m; F, G, N, O = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 107Aâ€“F. Pleonectria ilicicola on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph, Dâ€“F anamorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Asci; C. Ascospores; D. Median section of immersed pycnidia; E. Conidia; F. Conidiophores. Scale bars: A, D = 100 Î¼m; B, C, E, F = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 108Aâ€“N. Anamorph of Pleonectria ilicicola in culture. A. Cultures after 7 d at 25 Â°C on PDA; B. Conidial mass on SNA; C. Lateral phialidic pegs and conidial mass on SNA; D. Conidiophores and conidial mass on SNA; E. Lateral phialidic pegs and young conidia on SNA; Fâ€“K. Conidiophores and conidia on SNA; L. Young conidia on SNA; M. Budding mature conidia (black arrow) on SNA; N. Chlamydospore on SNA. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; B = 50 Î¼m; Câ€“N = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 109Aâ€“R. Pleonectria lamyi on natural substrata (Aâ€“K teleomorph, L teleomorph and anamorph, Mâ€“R anamorph). Aâ€“C. Perithecia on natural substrata; D. Median section of perithecium on natural substrata; E, F. Median section of perithecial walls; Gâ€“I. Ascus having budding ascospores; J, K. Budding ascospores; L. Perithecia (black arrows) and pycnidia (white arrows) on natural substrata; M. Pycnidia on natural substrata; N. Median section of pycnidium on natural substrata; Oâ€“Q. Conidiophores on natural substrata; R. Conidia on natural substrata. Scale bars: A, B, L = 1 mm; C, M = 500 Î¼m; Dâ€“F, N = 100 Î¼m; Gâ€“J, O = 50 Î¼m; K, Pâ€“R = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 110Aâ€“F. Pleonectria lamyi on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph, Dâ€“F anamorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores and ascoconidia; D. Median section of mature Pycnidium; E. Conidia; F. Conidiophores. Scale bars: A, D = 100 Î¼m;B, C = 20 Î¼m; E, F = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 111Aâ€“M. Anamorph of Pleonectria lamyi in culture. A. Cultures after 7 d at 25 Â°C on PDA; B. Conidial mass on SNA surface; Câ€“E. Lateral phialidic pegs and conidial mass on SNA; Fâ€“I. Lateral phialidic pegs and conidia on SNA; J, K. Conidiophores on SNA; L, M. Young and mature conidia on SNA. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; B = 50 Î¼m; C, E, L, M = 20 Î¼m; D, Fâ€“K = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 112Aâ€“K. Pleonectria lonicerae on natural substrata (teleomorph). Aâ€“C. Perithecia on natural substrata; D, E. Median section of perithecia on natural substrata; F. Median section of perithecial apex (black arrow); G. Median section of perithecial wall; H. Median section of perithecium at base; I. Apex of asci; J. Ascus; K. Ascospores. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; Bâ€“D = 500 Î¼m; Eâ€“H = 100 Î¼m.
	Fig. 113Aâ€“C. Pleonectria lonicerae on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores. Scale bars: A = 100 Î¼m; B, C = 20 Î¼m
	Fig. 114Aâ€“P. Pleonectria missouriensis on natural substrata (A, B, H, I teleomorph and anamorph, Câ€“G teleomorph, Jâ€“P anamorph). A, B, H, I. Perithecia (black arrows) and pycnidia (white arrows) on natural substrata; C. Perithecia on natural substrata; D. Median section of perithecia on natural substrata; E. Median section of perithecial wall; F. Ascus; G. Micro-(black arrow) and macro-ascospores (white arrow); J. Pycnidia on natural substrata; K. Median section of pycnidium on natural substrata; Lâ€“O. Conidiophores on natural substrata; P. Conidia on natural substrata. Scale bars: A, B = 1 mm; C, Hâ€“J = 500 Î¼m; D, K = 100 Î¼m; E, F = 50 Î¼m; G, Lâ€“P = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 115Aâ€“G. Pleonectria missouriensis on natural substrata (Aâ€“D teleomorph, Eâ€“G anamorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Microascospores; D. Macroascospores; E. Median section of mature Pycnidium; F. Conidia; G. Conidiophores. Scale bars: A, E = 100 Î¼m; Bâ€“D = 20 Î¼m; F, G = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 116Aâ€“Q. Pleonectria okinawensis on natural substrata (Aâ€“E teleomorph and anamorph, Fâ€“J teleomorph, Kâ€“Q anamorph). Aâ€“D. Perithecia and navicular pycnidia (white arrows) on natural substrata; E. Median section of perithecium and navicular pycnidium on natural substrata; F. Median section of perithecial wall; G. Ascus; H, I. Ascospores; J. Budding ascospores (black arrow); K. Navicular pycnidia on natural substrata; L Median section of navicular pycnidium on natural substrata; Mâ€“P. Conidiophores on natural substrata; Q. Conidia on natural substrata. Scale bars: B = 5 mm; C, K = 500 Î¼m; D, E, L = 100 Î¼m; F, M. = 50 Î¼m; G = 20 Î¼m; Hâ€“J, Nâ€“Q = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 117Aâ€“F. Pleonectria okinawensis on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph, Dâ€“F anamorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores and ascoconidia; D. Median section of mature Pycnidium; E. Conidia; F. Conidiophores. Scale bars: A, D = 100 Î¼m; B, C, E, F = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 118Aâ€“Q. Anamorph of Pleonectria okinawensis in culture. A. Cultures after 7 d at 25 Â°C on PDA; B. Conidial mass on SNA; C. Lateral phialidic pegs and conidial mass on SNA; D. Conidiophores and conidial mass on SNA; E, F. Lateral phialidic pegs and conidia on SNA; G, H. Conidiophores on SNA; Iâ€“K. Sporodochial conidiophores on SNA; L. Young conidia on SNA; M. Young and mature conidia on SNA; N, O. Pycnidia on SNA; P. Basal part of pycnidium on SNA; Q. Pycnidial wall on SNA. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; B, I = 50 Î¼m; C, D, Fâ€“H, J, Q = 20 Î¼m; E, Kâ€“M = 10 Î¼m; Nâ€“P = 200 Î¼m.
	Fig. 119Aâ€“U. Pleonectria pinicola on natural substrata (Aâ€“C, Eâ€“K teleomorph, D teleomorph and anamorph, Lâ€“U anamorph). Aâ€“C. Perithecia on natural substrata; D. Perithecia and pycnidia (white arrow) on natural substrata; E. Median section of perithecium on natural substrata; F. Median section of perithecial wall; G. Asci; Hâ€“K. Budding ascospores; L. Pycnidia on natural substrata; M. Median section of pycnidia on natural substrata; N. Median section of pycnidial wall on natural substrata; Oâ€“Q. Conidiophores and sterile hyphae on natural substrata; Râ€“T. Conidiophores on natural substrata. U. Conidia on natural substrata. Scale bars: A = 5 mm; Bâ€“D = 500 Î¼m; E, L, M = 100 Î¼m; F, Nâ€“Q 50 Î¼m; Gâ€“K, R = 20 Î¼m; Sâ€“U = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 120Aâ€“F. Pleonectria pinicola on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph, Dâ€“F anamorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores and ascoconidia; D. Median section of mature pycnidium; E. Conidia; F. Conidiophores and sterile hyphae. Scale bars: A, D = 100 Î¼m; B, C, E, F = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 121Aâ€“L. Anamorph of Pleonectria pinicola in culture. A. Cultures after 7 d at 25 Â°C on PDA; B. Conidial mass on SNA surface; C. Lateral phialidic pegs and conidial mass on SNA; Dâ€“F. Lateral phialidic pegs and conidia on SNA; G. Conidiophores and conidial mass on SNA; Hâ€“J. Conidiophores on SNA; K. Young and mature conidia on SNA; L. Budding mature conidia (black arrows) on SNA. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; B = 50 Î¼m; Câ€“E, G = 20 Î¼m; F, Hâ€“L. = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 122Aâ€“H. Pleonectria pseudomissouriensis on natural substrata (teleomorph). Aâ€“C. Perithecia on natural substrata; D. Median section of perithecium on natural substrata; E. Median section of perithecial wall on natural substrata; F. Ascus; G. Ascospores in surface view; H. Ascospores in optical section. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; B, C = 500 Î¼m; D, E = 100 Î¼m; F = 20 Î¼m; G, H = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 123Aâ€“C. Pleonectria pseudomissouriensis on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores. Scale bars: A = 100 Î¼m; B, C = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 124Aâ€“J. Pleonectria pyrrhochlora on natural substrata (teleomorph). Aâ€“E. Perithecia on natural substrata; F. Median section of perithecia on natural substrata; G. Median section of perithecial wall on natural substrata; H. Median section of perithecia at base on natural substrata; I. Ascus; J. Ascospores. Scale bars: A = 5 mm; Bâ€“E = 1 mm; F = 100 Î¼m; G, H = 50 Î¼m; I, J = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 125Aâ€“C. Pleonectria pyrrhochlora on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores. Scale bars: A = 100 Î¼m; B, C = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 126Aâ€“J. Anamorph of Pleonectria pyrrhochlora in culture. A. Cultures after 7 d at 25 Â°C on PDA; B. Conidial mass on SNA surface; Câ€“E. Lateral phialidic pegs and conidia on SNA; Fâ€“H. Conidiophores and conidial mass on SNA; I. Young conidia on SNA; J. Mature conidia on SNA. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; B = 50 Î¼m; Câ€“G, I, J = 10 Î¼m; H = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 127Aâ€“O. Pleonectria quercicola on natural substrata (A, B, Eâ€“J teleomorph, C, D teleomorph and anamorph, Kâ€“O anamorph). A, B. Perithecia on natural substrata; C, D. Median section of perithecia (black arrows) and immersed pycnidia (white arrows) on natural substrata; E. Median section of perithecia on natural substrata; F. Median section of perithecial wall; G. Asci; Hâ€“J. Budding ascospores; K. Median section of immersed pycnidia (white arrows) on natural substrata; Lâ€“N. Conidiophores on natural substrata; O. Conidia on natural substrata. Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B = 500 Î¼m; Câ€“E = 100 Î¼m; F, G, K = 50 Î¼m; Hâ€“J, N, O = 10 Î¼m; L, M = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 128Aâ€“E. Pleonectria quercicola on natural substrata (A teleomorph and anamorph, B, C teleomorph, D, E anamorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium and pycnidium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores and ascoconidia; D. Conidia; E. Conidiophores. Scale bars: A = 100 Î¼m; B, C = 20 Î¼m; D, F = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 129Aâ€“J. Anamorph of Pleonectria quercicola in culture. A. Cultures after 7 d at 25 Â°C on PDA; B. Conidial mass on SNA surface; C. Lateral phialidic pegs and conidial mass on SNA; D. Lateral phialidic pegs and conidia on SNA; E. Lateral phialidic pegs, conidiophores and conidia on SNA; Fâ€“H. Conidiophores and conidia on SNA; I. Young and mature conidia (black arrow) on SNA; J. Chlamydospores on SNA. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; B = 50 Î¼m; Câ€“F, I = 10 Î¼m; G, H, J = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 130Aâ€“S. Pleonectria rosellinii on natural substrata (A teleomorph and anamorph, Bâ€“J teleomorph, Kâ€“S anamorph). A. Perithecia (black arrow) and pycnidia (white arrow) on natural substrata; Bâ€“D. Perithecia on natural substrata; E, F. Median section of perithecia on natural substrata; G. Median section of perithecial wall; H. Ascus having budding ascospores; I. Unbudding ascospores; J. Budding ascospores; K, L. Pycnidia on natural substrata; M. Median section of pycnidium on natural substrata, N. Median section of pycnidial wall; Oâ€“R. Conidiophores on natural substrata; S. conidia on natural substrata. Scale bars: Aâ€“D, K, L = 500 Î¼m; E, F, M = 100 Î¼m; G, H, N = 50 Î¼m; I, J, O, P = 20 Î¼m; Qâ€“S = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 131Aâ€“F. Pleonectria rosellinii on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph, Dâ€“F anamorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores and ascoconidia; D. Median section of mature Pycnidium; E. Conidia; F. Conidiophores. Scale bars: A, D = 100 Î¼m; B, C = 20 Î¼m; E, F = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 132Aâ€“L. Anamorph of Pleonectria rosellinii in culture. A, B. Cultures after 7 d at 25 Â°C on PDA; C. Conidial mass on SNA surface; D, E. Lateral phialidic pegs and conidial mass on SNA; Fâ€“J. Lateral phialidic pegs and conidia on SNA; K, L. Young and mature conidia on SNA. Scale bars: A, B = 3 mm; C = 50 Î¼m; Dâ€“F, K, L = 10 Î¼m; Gâ€“J = 5 Î¼m.
	Fig. 133Aâ€“J. Pleonectria rubicarpa on natural substrata (teleomorph). Aâ€“C. Perithecia on natural substrata; D. Median section of perithecia on natural substrata; Eâ€“G. Median section of perithecial wall on natural substrata; H, I. Asci; J. Ascospores. Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B, C = 500 Î¼m; Dâ€“F = 100 Î¼m; G, H, I = 20 Î¼m; J = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 134Aâ€“C. Pleonectria rubicarpa on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores. Scale bars: A = 100 Î¼m; B, C = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 135Aâ€“Q. Pleonectria sinopica on natural substrata (Aâ€“H teleomorph, Iâ€“Q anamorph). Aâ€“C. Perithecia on natural substrata; D. Median section of perithecium on natural substrata; E. Median section of perithecial wall on natural substrata; F, G. Asci; H. Ascospores; I, J. Pycnidia on natural substrata; K. Median section of superficial pycnidia on natural substrata, L, M. Conidiophores of superficial pycnidia on natural substrata; N. conidia of superficial pycnidia, O. Median section of immersed pycnidium (white arrow) and perithecia (black arrow) in natural environment; P. Median section of immersed pycnidium in natural environment; Q. Conidia of immersed pycnidia. Scale bars: Aâ€“C = 500 Î¼m; D, Iâ€“K, O = 100 Î¼m; E, P = 50 Î¼m; F, G = 20 Î¼m; H, Lâ€“N, Q = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 136Aâ€“H. Pleonectria sinopica on natural substrata (A teleomorph and anamorph, B, C teleomorph, Dâ€“H anamorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium and immersed pycnidium; B. Asci; C. Ascospores; D. Conidia of immersed pycnidia; E. Conidiophores of immersed pycnidia; F. Superficial pycnidia: G. Conidia of superficial pycnidia; H. Conidiophores of superficial pycnidia. Scale bars: A, F = 100 Î¼m; Bâ€“E, G, H = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 137Aâ€“N. Anamorph of Pleonectria sinopica in culture. A. Cultures after 7 d at 25 Â°C on PDA; B. Conidial mass on SNA; C. Lateral phialidic pegs and conidial mass on SNA; Dâ€“F. Lateral phialidic pegs and conidia on SNA; G, H. Conidiophores and conidia on SNA; I, J. Short sporodochial conidiophores on SNA; K. Long sporodochial conidiophores on SNA; L, M. Young conidia on SNA; N. Young and mature conidia on SNA. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; B = 50 Î¼m; C, D = 20 Î¼m; Eâ€“N = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 138Aâ€“P. Pleonectria sphaerospora on natural substrata (Aâ€“D teleomorph and anamorph, Eâ€“J teleomorph, Kâ€“P anamorph). Aâ€“C. Perithecia (black arrows) and pycnidia (white arrows) on natural substrata; D. Median section of perithecia (black arrow) and pycnidia (white arrow) on natural substrata; E. Median section of perithecial wall; F. Ascus having unbudding ascospores; Gâ€“I. Asci having budding ascospores; J. Ascospore; K. Pycnidia on natural substrata; L, M. Median section of pycnidia on natural substrata; N, O. Conidiophores on natural substrata; P. Conidia on natural substrata. Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B, C, K = 500 Î¼m; D, L, M = 100 Î¼m; E = 50 Î¼m; Fâ€“I = 20 Î¼m; J, Nâ€“P = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 139Aâ€“F. Pleonectria sphaerospora on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph, Dâ€“F anamorph). A. Median section of mature perithecia; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores; D. Median section of mature Pycnidia; E. Conidia; F. Conidiophores. Scale bars: A, D = 100 Î¼m; B, C, E, F = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 140Aâ€“Q. Pleonectria strobi on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph and anamorph, Dâ€“I teleomorph, Jâ€“Q anamorph). Aâ€“C. Perithecia (black arrows) and pycnidia (white arrows) on natural substrata; D. Median section of perithecia on natural substrata; E. Median section of perithecial wall; F. Ascus having unbudding ascospores; G. Asci having budding ascospores; H. Budding ascospore; I. Unbudding ascospore; J. Pycnidia on natural substrata; K. Median section of pycnidium on natural substrata; L. Median section of pycnidial wall; Mâ€“P. Conidiophores on natural substrata; Q. Conidia on natural substrata. Scale bars: Aâ€“C, J = 500 Î¼m; D, K = 100 Î¼m; E, L = 50 Î¼m; F, G = 20 Î¼m; H, I, Mâ€“Q = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 141Aâ€“F. Pleonectria strobi on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph, Dâ€“F anamorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores and ascoconidia; D. Median section of mature pycnidium; E. Conidia; F. Conidiophores. Scale bars: A, D = 100 Î¼m; B, C = 20 Î¼m; E, F = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 142Aâ€“L. Anamorph of Pleonectria strobi in culture. A. Cultures after 7 d at 25 Â°C on PDA; B. Conidial mass on SNA surface; C, D. Lateral phialidic pegs and conidial mass on SNA; E, F. Lateral phialidic pegs and conidia on SNA; Gâ€“H. Conidiophores and conidia on SNA; I. Young conidia on SNA; J. Young and mature conidia on SNA; K. Germinating mature conidia on SNA; L. Budding mature conidia (black arrow) on SNA. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; B = 50 Î¼m; C, E = 20 Î¼m; D, Fâ€“L = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 143Aâ€“J. Pleonectria virens on natural substrata (teleomorph). Aâ€“D. Perithecia on natural substrata; E. Median section of perithecia on natural substrata; F. Median section of perithecial apex; G, H. Median section of perithecial walls; I. Ascus; J. Ascospores. Scale bars: Aâ€“D = 1 mm; E, G = 100 Î¼m; F, H = 30 Î¼m; I, J = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 144Aâ€“C. Pleonectria virens on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores. Scale bars: A = 100 Î¼m; B, C = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 145Aâ€“P. Anamorph of Pleonectria virens in culture. A. Cultures after 7 d at 25 Â°C on PDA; Bâ€“D. Lateral phialidic pegs and conidia on SNA; Eâ€“H. Conidiophores and conidia on SNA; I. Young conidia on SNA; J. Mature conidia on SNA; K. Chlamydospores on SNA; L. Pycnidia on SNA; M, N. Conidiophores and sterile hyphae (black arrows) of pycnidia on SNA; O. Conidiophores of pycnidia on SNA; P. Conidia of pycnidia on SNA. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; Bâ€“K, O, P = 10 Î¼m; L = 1 mm; M, N. = 50 Î¼m.
	Fig. 146Aâ€“K. Pleonectria zanthoxyli on natural substrata (teleomorph). Aâ€“D. Perithecia on natural substrata; E, F. Median section of perithecia on natural substrata; G, H. Median section of perithecial walls; I, J. Asci; K. Ascospores. Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B = 1 mm; C, D = 500 Î¼m; E, F = 100 Î¼m; Gâ€“J = 50 Î¼m; K = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 147Aâ€“C. Pleonectria zanthoxyli on natural substrata (Aâ€“C teleomorph). A. Median section of mature perithecium; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores. Scale bars: A = 100 Î¼m; B, C = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 148Aâ€“P. Anamorph of Pleonectria zanthoxyli in culture. A. Cultures after 7 d at 25 Â°C on PDA; B. Conidial mass on SNA surface; Câ€“E. Lateral phialidic pegs and conidia on SNA; Fâ€“I. Conidiophores and conidia on SNA; J. Young conidia on SNA; K. Mature conidia on SNA; L. Pycnidia on SNA; M. Conidiophores and sterile hyphae (black arrows) of pycnidia on SNA; N, O. Conidiophores of pycnidia on SNA; P. Conidia of pycnidia on SNA. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; B = 50 Î¼m; C, F, M = 20 Î¼m; D, E, Gâ€“K, Nâ€“P = 10 Î¼m; L = 1 mm.
	Fig. 149Aâ€“I. Gyrostroma sinuosum on natural substrata. A, B. Pycnidia on natural substrata; C, D. Median section of pycnidia on natural substrata; E. Tissue structure of stroma; Fâ€“H. Conidiophores and conidia; I. Conidia. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B = 500 Î¼m; C = 200 Î¼m; D = 50 Î¼m; E, F, I = 20 Î¼m; G, H = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 150Aâ€“D. Illustration of Nectria jodinae on the packet Holotype: LPS 1589. A. Illustration on the packet of Holotype: LPS 1589; B. Illustration of perithecia; C. Illustration of asci; D. Illustration of ascospores.
	Fig. 151Aâ€“F. Nectria tropicalis and Cosmospora sp. on natural substrata (A teleomorph of N. tropicalis, B, C illustration on the packet of Nectria tropicalis Holotype: LPS 1568, D-F teleomorph of Cosmospora sp.). A. Perithecium of N. tropicalis on natural substrata (black arrow); B. Packet of Nectria tropicalis (Holotype: LPS 1568); C. Illustration of large ascospores (black arrow) and small ascospores (white arrow) on the packet (Holotype: LPS 1568); D. Perithecia of Cosmospora sp. on natural substrata (white arrows); E. Asci of Cosmospora sp.; F. Ascospores of Cosmospora sp. Scale bars: A, D = 500 Î¼m; E = 50 Î¼m; F = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 152Aâ€“C. Nectricladiella viticola on natural substrata (teleomorph). A. Perithecia on natural substrata; B. Ascus; C. Ascospores: A = 500 Î¼m; B = 20 Î¼m; C = 10 Î¼m.
	Fig. 153Aâ€“K. Neocosmospora guarapiensis on natural substrata (Aâ€“H teleomorph, I teleomorph and anamorph, J, K. anamorph). A. Perithecia on natural substrata; B. Median section of perithecia on natural substrata; C. Median section of perithecial wall; D. Median section of perithecial apex; E. Median section of stroma; F, G. Asci; H. Ascospores; I. Perithecia and sporodochia on natural substrata; J. Conidiophores and macroconidia on natural substrata; K. Macroconidia on natural substrata. Scale bars: A, I = 500 Î¼m; B = 200 Î¼m; Câ€“E, J, K = 50 Î¼m; Fâ€“H = 20 Î¼m.
	Fig. 154Aâ€“K. Neocosmospora rehmiana on natural substrata (Aâ€“J teleomorph, K illustration of Calonectria rehmiana Wollenweber 1916). A, B. Perithecia on natural substrata (white arrows); C, D. Median section of perithecia on natural substrata; E. Median section of perithecial wall; F. Median section of stroma; G, H. Asci; I. Apex of ascus; J. Ascospores; K. Illustration of Calonectria rehmiana (Wollenweber 1916): A, B = 500 Î¼m; Câ€“E = 50 Î¼m; G-I = 20 Î¼m; J = 10 Î¼m.

References [+] :

Andersen, Secondary metabolite profiling of Alternaria dauci, A. porri, A. solani, and A. tomatophila. 2008, Pubmed