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PLoS One
2012 Jan 01;74:e35644. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035644.
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Global diversity and phylogeny of the Asteroidea (Echinodermata).
Mah CL
,
Blake DB
.
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Members of the Asteroidea (phylum Echinodermata), popularly known as starfish or sea stars, are ecologically important and diverse members of marine ecosystems in all of the world''s oceans. We present a comprehensive overview of diversity and phylogeny as they have figured into the evolution of the Asteroidea from Paleozoic to the living fauna. Living post-Paleozoic asteroids, the Neoasteroidea, are morphologically separate from those in the Paleozoic. Early Paleozoic asteroid faunas were diverse and displayed morphology that foreshadowed later living taxa. Preservation presents significant difficulties, but fossil occurrence and current accounts suggests a diverse Paleozoic fauna, which underwent extinction around the Permian-Triassic interval was followed by re-diversification of at least one surviving lineage. Ongoing phylogenetic classification debates include the status of the Paxillosida and the Concentricycloidea. Fossil and molecular evidence has been and continues to be part of the ongoing evolution of asteroid phylogenetic research. The modern lineages of asteroids include the Valvatacea, the Forcipulatacea, the Spinlosida, and the Velatida. We present an overview of diversity in these taxa, as well as brief notes on broader significance, ecology, and functional morphology of each. Although much asteroid taxonomy is stable, many new taxa remain to be discovered with many new species currently awaiting description. The Goniasteridae is currently one of the most diverse families within the Asteroidea. New data from molecular phylogenetics and the advent of global biodiversity databases, such as the World Asteroidea Database (http://www.marinespecies.org/Asteroidea/) present important new springboards for understanding the global biodiversity and evolution of asteroids.
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22563389
???displayArticle.pmcLink???PMC3338738 ???displayArticle.link???PLoS One
Figure 2. Summary diagram of phylogenetic tree.Topology from combined trees of Mah and Foltz [69], [181], Janies et al [173], and Blake [4]. âAsterinidaeâ refers to paraphyletic clades as outlined by Mah and Foltz [69].
Figure 3. Forcipulatacean diversity.A. Asterias forbesi (Asteriidae) USNM 43197 B. Odinella nutrix (Brisingida) USNM E13561. C. Heliaster cumingii No number. D. Stichaster striatus (Stichasteridae) USNM 1085979. E. Doraster constellatus (Zoroasteridae) USNM E23145.
Figure 4. Paxillosida (including Benthopectinidae) diversity.A. Ctenodiscus australis, abactinal surface USNM 37148 B. Same specimen, showing actinal surface and fasciolar grooves. C. Dytaster grandis USNM E15959 D. Luidia clathrata USNM 8507 E. Pseudarchaster parelii USNM 1085998 F. Luidiaster antarcticus USNM 1121741.
Figure 5. Diversity within the Valvatacea.A. Pentagonaster pulchellus (Goniasteridae) USNM E9756 B. Pentaster obtusatus (Oreasteridae) USNM C. Tremaster mirabilis (Asterinidae) USNM E46295 D. Nardoa tuberculata (Ophidiasteridae) E16509 E. Porania pulvillus (Poraniidae) USNM 11035 F. Crossaster campbellicus USNM 1122950.
Figure 6. Forcipulatacea, Spinulosidan, Velatidan Diversity.A. Ampheraster marianus (âPedicellasteridaeâ-Forcipulatacea) USNM E16024. B. Henricia obesa (Echinasteridae) USNM 1120449. C. Remaster gourdoni (Korethrasteridae) USNM E 47646. D. Myxaster sol (Myxasteridae) Yale Peabody Museum 36040 E. Diplopteraster multipes (Pterasteridae) USNM 5530. F. Caymanostella spinimarginata (Caymanostellidae) USNM E 27575.
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