Click
here to close Hello! We notice that
you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Echinobase
and may cause the site to display incorrectly. We suggest using a
current version of Chrome,
FireFox,
or Safari.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
2011 Oct 18;10842:E845-53. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1106178108.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
Cryo-electron tomography reveals conserved features of doublet microtubules in flagella.
Nicastro D
,
Fu X
,
Heuser T
,
Tso A
,
Porter ME
,
Linck RW
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
The axoneme forms the essential and conserved core of cilia and flagella. We have used cryo-electron tomography of Chlamydomonas and sea urchin flagella to answer long-standing questions and to provide information about the structure of axonemal doublet microtubules (DMTs). Solving an ongoing controversy, we show that B-tubules of DMTs contain exactly 10 protofilaments (PFs) and that the inner junction (IJ) and outer junction between the A- and B-tubules are fundamentally different. The outer junction, crucial for the initiation of doublet formation, appears to be formed by close interactions between the tubulin subunits of three PFs with unusual tubulin interfaces; other investigators have reported that this junction is weakened by mutations affecting posttranslational modifications of tubulin. The IJ consists of an axially periodic ladder-like structure connecting tubulin PFs of the A- and B-tubules. The recently discovered microtubule inner proteins (MIPs) on the inside of the A- and B-tubules are more complex than previously thought. They are composed of alternating small and large subunits with periodicities of 16 and/or 48 nm. MIP3 forms arches connecting B-tubule PFs, contrary to an earlier report that MIP3 forms the IJ. Finally, the "beak" structures within the B-tubules of Chlamydomonas DMT1, DMT5, and DMT6 are clearly composed of a longitudinal band of proteins repeating with a periodicity of 16 nm. These findings, discussed in relation to genetic and biochemical data, provide a critical foundation for future work on the molecular assembly and stability of the axoneme, as well as its function in motility and sensory transduction.
Afzelius,
Cilia-related diseases.
2004,
Pubmed
Amos,
Arrangement of subunits in flagellar microtubules.
1974,
Pubmed
Anderson,
The formation of basal bodies (centrioles) in the Rhesus monkey oviduct.
1971,
Pubmed
Bower,
IC138 defines a subdomain at the base of the I1 dynein that regulates microtubule sliding and flagellar motility.
2009,
Pubmed
Bui,
Molecular architecture of inner dynein arms in situ in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii flagella.
2008,
Pubmed
Bui,
Asymmetry of inner dynein arms and inter-doublet links in Chlamydomonas flagella.
2009,
Pubmed
Carvalho-Santos,
Stepwise evolution of the centriole-assembly pathway.
2010,
Pubmed
Caspary,
The graded response to Sonic Hedgehog depends on cilia architecture.
2007,
Pubmed
Cavalier-Smith,
The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa.
2002,
Pubmed
Cevik,
Joubert syndrome Arl13b functions at ciliary membranes and stabilizes protein transport in Caenorhabditis elegans.
2010,
Pubmed
Cyrklaff,
Cryoelectron tomography reveals periodic material at the inner side of subpellicular microtubules in apicomplexan parasites.
2007,
Pubmed
Dippell,
The development of basal bodies in paramecium.
1968,
Pubmed
Dymek,
The CSC is required for complete radial spoke assembly and wild-type ciliary motility.
2011,
Pubmed
Euteneuer,
Structural polarity of kinetochore microtubules in PtK1 cells.
1981,
Pubmed
Euteneuer,
Polarity of some motility-related microtubules.
1981,
Pubmed
Fliegauf,
When cilia go bad: cilia defects and ciliopathies.
2007,
Pubmed
Gagnon,
The polyglutamylated lateral chain of alpha-tubulin plays a key role in flagellar motility.
1996,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Gardner,
Components of a "dynein regulatory complex" are located at the junction between the radial spokes and the dynein arms in Chlamydomonas flagella.
1994,
Pubmed
Garvalov,
Luminal particles within cellular microtubules.
2006,
Pubmed
Gibbons,
Reactivation of sperm flagella: properties of microtubules-mediated motility.
1982,
Pubmed
Griffiths,
The immunological synapse: a focal point for endocytosis and exocytosis.
2010,
Pubmed
Heidemann,
Visualization of the structural polarity of microtubules.
1980,
Pubmed
Heuser,
The dynein regulatory complex is the nexin link and a major regulatory node in cilia and flagella.
2009,
Pubmed
Hoops,
Outer doublet heterogeneity reveals structural polarity related to beat direction in Chlamydomonas flagella.
1983,
Pubmed
Ikeda,
Rib72, a conserved protein associated with the ribbon compartment of flagellar A-microtubules and potentially involved in the linkage between outer doublet microtubules.
2003,
Pubmed
Ikeda,
The mouse ortholog of EFHC1 implicated in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy is an axonemal protein widely conserved among organisms with motile cilia and flagella.
2005,
Pubmed
Ishikawa,
The architecture of outer dynein arms in situ.
2007,
Pubmed
Kalnins,
Centriole replication during ciliogenesis in the chick tracheal epithelium.
1969,
Pubmed
Kato,
Isolation of two species of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii flagellar mutants, ida5 and ida6, that lack a newly identified heavy chain of the inner dynein arm.
1993,
Pubmed
Kremer,
Computer visualization of three-dimensional image data using IMOD.
1996,
Pubmed
Kubo,
Tubulin polyglutamylation regulates axonemal motility by modulating activities of inner-arm dyneins.
2010,
Pubmed
Li,
The small GTPases ARL-13 and ARL-3 coordinate intraflagellar transport and ciliogenesis.
2010,
Pubmed
Li,
Microtubule structure at 8 A resolution.
2002,
Pubmed
Lim,
Rabs and other small GTPases in ciliary transport.
2011,
Pubmed
Linck,
Functional protofilament numbering of ciliary, flagellar, and centriolar microtubules.
2007,
Pubmed
Linck,
Reassembly of flagellar B (alpha beta) tubulin into singlet microtubules: consequences for cytoplasmic microtubule structure and assembly.
1981,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Linck,
The hands of helical lattices in flagellar doublet microtubules.
1974,
Pubmed
Linck,
Biochemical characterization of tektins from sperm flagellar doublet microtubules.
1987,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Löwe,
Refined structure of alpha beta-tubulin at 3.5 A resolution.
2001,
Pubmed
Mastronarde,
Automated electron microscope tomography using robust prediction of specimen movements.
2005,
Pubmed
McIntosh,
Tubulin hooks as probes for microtubule polarity: an analysis of the method and an evaluation of data on microtubule polarity in the mitotic spindle.
1984,
Pubmed
Nicastro,
Cryo-electron microscope tomography to study axonemal organization.
2009,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Nicastro,
3D structure of eukaryotic flagella in a quiescent state revealed by cryo-electron tomography.
2005,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Nicastro,
The molecular architecture of axonemes revealed by cryoelectron tomography.
2006,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Nojima,
At least one of the protofilaments in flagellar microtubules is not composed of tubulin.
1995,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Norrander,
The Rib43a protein is associated with forming the specialized protofilament ribbons of flagellar microtubules in Chlamydomonas.
2000,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Pathak,
The zebrafish fleer gene encodes an essential regulator of cilia tubulin polyglutamylation.
2007,
Pubmed
Pazour,
Proteomic analysis of a eukaryotic cilium.
2005,
Pubmed
Pettersen,
UCSF Chimera--a visualization system for exploratory research and analysis.
2004,
Pubmed
Popodi,
Cooperativity between the beta-tubulin carboxy tail and the body of the molecule is required for microtubule function.
2008,
Pubmed
Redeker,
Mutations of tubulin glycylation sites reveal cross-talk between the C termini of alpha- and beta-tubulin and affect the ciliary matrix in Tetrahymena.
2005,
Pubmed
Rupp,
A subunit of the dynein regulatory complex in Chlamydomonas is a homologue of a growth arrest-specific gene product.
2003,
Pubmed
Schwartz,
Cryo-fluorescence microscopy facilitates correlations between light and cryo-electron microscopy and reduces the rate of photobleaching.
2007,
Pubmed
Segal,
Mutant strains of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that move backwards only.
1984,
Pubmed
Sorokin,
Reconstructions of centriole formation and ciliogenesis in mammalian lungs.
1968,
Pubmed
Steinman,
An electron microscopic study of ciliogenesis in developing epidermis and trachea in the embryo of Xenopus laevis.
1968,
Pubmed
Stephens,
Preferential incorporation of tubulin into the junctional region of ciliary outer doublet microtubules: a model for treadmilling by lattice dislocation.
2000,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Stephens,
Thermal fractionation of outer fiber doublet microtubules into A- and B-subfiber components. A- and B-tubulin.
1970,
Pubmed
Stephens,
Ciliogenesis, ciliary function, and selective isolation.
2008,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Sui,
Molecular architecture of axonemal microtubule doublets revealed by cryo-electron tomography.
2006,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Tam,
Cloning of flagellar genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by DNA insertional mutagenesis.
1993,
Pubmed
Tam,
The Chlamydomonas MBO2 locus encodes a conserved coiled-coil protein important for flagellar waveform conversion.
2002,
Pubmed
Tamm,
Origin and development of free kinetosomes in the flagellates Deltotrichonympha and Koruga.
1980,
Pubmed
Tilney,
Microtubules: evidence for 13 protofilaments.
1973,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Vent,
Direct involvement of the isotype-specific C-terminus of beta tubulin in ciliary beating.
2005,
Pubmed
Wloga,
Post-translational modifications of microtubules.
2010,
Pubmed
Xiong,
CTF determination and correction for low dose tomographic tilt series.
2009,
Pubmed
