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Mar Drugs
2010 Mar 05;83:471-82. doi: 10.3390/md803471.
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Primary screening of the bioactivity of brackishwater cyanobacteria: toxicity of crude extracts to Artemia salina larvae and Paracentrotus lividus embryos.
Lopes VR
,
Fernández N
,
Martins RF
,
Vasconcelos V
.
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Cyanobacteria are a diverse group of Gram-negative bacteria that produce an array of secondary compounds with selective bioactivity against vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, microalgae, fungi, bacteria, viruses and cell lines. The aim of this study was to assess the toxic effects of aqueous, methanolic and hexane crude extracts of benthic and picoplanktonic cyanobacteria isolated from estuarine environments, towards the nauplii of the brine shrimp Artemia salina and embryos of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. The A. salina lethality test was used as a frontline screen and then complemented by the more specific sea urchin embryo-larval assay. Eighteen cyanobacterial isolates, belonging to the genera Cyanobium, Leptolyngbya, Microcoleus, Phormidium, Nodularia, Nostoc and Synechocystis, were tested. Aqueous extracts of cyanobacteria strains showed potent toxicity against A. salina, whereas in P. lividus, methanolic and aqueous extracts showed embryo toxicity, with clear effects on development during early stages. The results suggest that the brackishwater cyanobacteria are producers of bioactive compounds with toxicological effects that may interfere with the dynamics of invertebrate populations.
Figure 1. Effects of estuarine cyanobacterial extracts on embryonic development of sea urchin P. lividus after 48 h of exposure (a) Normal pluteus larva from the control treatment. (b) Abnormal four arms larva (with equal sized arms and shorter larval length). (c) Abnormal larva with only one-arm developed after exposure to cyanobacterial extracts. The bar represents 100 μm.
Figure 2. Mean values of length of normal P. lividus larvae (±SE) incubated on aqueous cyanobacterial extracts (A) and methanolic extracts (B), and on sea water as control. Asterisks indicate significant differences (** P ≤ 0.05) between extract and control.
Figure 3. Comparison of the mean values of length of normally developed P. lividus larvae (±SE) incubated on cyanobacterial methanolic extracts and on sea water control to a concentration of 1.6 mg mL−1. Asterisks indicate significant differences (** P ≤ 0.05) between extract and control.
Figure 4. Geographic position of the sampling sites–Star symbols point out the sites: M-Minho estuary; D-Douro estuary and V-Vouga estuary.
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