Click
here to close Hello! We notice that
you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Echinobase
and may cause the site to display incorrectly. We suggest using a
current version of Chrome,
FireFox,
or Safari.
The 10 sea urchin receptor for egg jelly proteins (SpREJ) are members of the polycystic kidney disease-1 (PKD1) family.
Gunaratne HJ
,
Moy GW
,
Kinukawa M
,
Miyata S
,
Mah SA
,
Vacquier VD
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
BACKGROUND: Mutations in the human polycystic kidney disease-1 (hPKD1) gene result in ~85% of cases of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, the most frequent human monogenic disease. PKD1 proteins are large multidomain proteins involved in a variety of signal transduction mechanisms. Obtaining more information about members of the PKD1 family will help to clarify their functions. Humans have five hPKD1 proteins, whereas sea urchins have 10. The PKD1 proteins of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, are referred to as the Receptor for Egg Jelly, or SpREJ proteins. The SpREJ proteins form a subfamily within the PKD1 family. They frequently contain C-type lectin domains, PKD repeats, a REJ domain, a GPS domain, a PLAT/LH2 domain, 1-11 transmembrane segments and a C-terminal coiled-coil domain.
RESULTS: The 10 full-length SpREJ cDNA sequences were determined. The secondary structures of their deduced proteins were predicted and compared to the five human hPKD1 proteins. The genomic structures of the 10 SpREJs show low similarity to each other. All 10 SpREJs are transcribed in either embryos or adult tissues. SpREJs show distinct patterns of expression during embryogenesis. Adult tissues show tissue-specific patterns of SpREJ expression.
CONCLUSION: Possession of a REJ domain of about 600 residues defines this family. Except for SpREJ1 and 3, that are thought to be associated with the sperm acrosome reaction, the functions of the other SpREJ proteins remain unknown. The sea urchin genome is one-fourth the size of the human genome, but sea urchins have 10 SpREJ proteins, whereas humans have five. Determination of the tissue specific function of each of these proteins will be of interest to those studying echinoderm development. Sea urchins are basal deuterostomes, the line of evolution leading to the vertebrates. The study of individual PKD1 proteins will increase our knowledge of the importance of this gene family.
Figure 1. The PKD1 family of proteins as exemplified by the 10 SpREJs and five hPKD1 protein architectures. The predicted secondary structures are shown. Domain boundaries were taken from the Pfam database. The REJ domain is split into two sections in SpREJ7 and partial REJ domains occur in SpREJ8 and 9, and hPKD1L2. hPKD1L3 does not contain a REJ domain. Most of these predicted structures show a GPS domain upstream of transmembrane helix 1 (TM1) and a PLAT/LH2 domain immediately after the first TM.
Figure 2. Expression of SpREJ transcripts during embryogenesis. Transcripts of SpREJ1 and 6 could not be detected in embryos. Transcript copy numbers per 100 ng of starting total RNA at each developmental stage for 8 SpREJs were first calculated. Transcript copy numbers were calculated from a standard curve generated in the same run and were normalized to the level of ubiquitin (SpUbi) transcripts at each developmental time. Final numbers are the averages of three replicas. There are about 50,000 transcripts per 100 ng total RNA of SpREJ8 at 22 hours of development. The standard error of each data point is shown (n = 3). Horizontal axes are hours of development at 16°C.
Figure 3. SpREJ transcript levels in six adult tissues. Transcript copy numbers per 100 ng of total RNA from each tissue was first calculated for all SpREJs. Transcript copy numbers were calculated from a standard curve generated in the same run and were normalized to the level of ubiquitin transcripts. It should be noted that the constancy of ubiquitin transcripts in adult tissues has not been determined. Final copy numbers were taken as the averages of duplicates. T, testis; O, ovary; M/T, muscle/test of body wall; G, gut; L, lantern (jaws, ligaments and muscles); C, coelomocytes (immunocytes).
Barr,
Caenorhabditis elegans as a model to study renal development and disease: sexy cilia.
2005, Pubmed
Barr,
Caenorhabditis elegans as a model to study renal development and disease: sexy cilia.
2005,
Pubmed
Bradham,
The sea urchin kinome: a first look.
2006,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Butscheid,
Polycystic kidney disease and receptor for egg jelly is a plasma membrane protein of mouse sperm head.
2006,
Pubmed
Cantiello,
Regulation of calcium signaling by polycystin-2.
2004,
Pubmed
Croce,
A genome-wide survey of the evolutionarily conserved Wnt pathways in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.
2006,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Darszon,
Calcium channels and Ca2+ fluctuations in sperm physiology.
2005,
Pubmed
Galindo,
A third sea urchin sperm receptor for egg jelly module protein, suREJ2, concentrates in the plasma membrane over the sperm mitochondrion.
2004,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Hu,
ATP-2 interacts with the PLAT domain of LOV-1 and is involved in Caenorhabditis elegans polycystin signaling.
2005,
Pubmed
Hughes,
Identification of a human homologue of the sea urchin receptor for egg jelly: a polycystic kidney disease-like protein.
1999,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Ikeda,
A regulatory role of polycystin-1 on cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator plasma membrane expression.
2006,
Pubmed
Ishimaru,
Transient receptor potential family members PKD1L3 and PKD2L1 form a candidate sour taste receptor.
2006,
Pubmed
Li,
Identification of two novel polycystic kidney disease-1-like genes in human and mouse genomes.
2003,
Pubmed
Lodder,
Characterization of the Wsc1 protein, a putative receptor in the stress response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
1999,
Pubmed
Low,
Polycystin-1, STAT6, and P100 function in a pathway that transduces ciliary mechanosensation and is activated in polycystic kidney disease.
2006,
Pubmed
Mah,
Positive selection in the carbohydrate recognition domains of sea urchin sperm receptor for egg jelly (suREJ) proteins.
2005,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Mengerink,
suREJ3, a polycystin-1 protein, is cleaved at the GPS domain and localizes to the acrosomal region of sea urchin sperm.
2002,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Moy,
The sea urchin sperm receptor for egg jelly is a modular protein with extensive homology to the human polycystic kidney disease protein, PKD1.
1996,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Nauli,
Polycystins and mechanosensation in renal and nodal cilia.
2004,
Pubmed
Neill,
Polycystin-2 associates with the polycystin-1 homolog, suREJ3, and localizes to the acrosomal region of sea urchin spermatozoa.
2004,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Ong,
Molecular pathogenesis of ADPKD: the polycystin complex gets complex.
2005,
Pubmed
Ozeki,
Amino acid sequence and molecular characterization of a D-galactoside-specific lectin purified from sea urchin (Anthocidaris crassispina) eggs.
1991,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Pazour,
Polycystin-2 localizes to kidney cilia and the ciliary level is elevated in orpk mice with polycystic kidney disease.
2002,
Pubmed
Podell,
Purification of the Mr 80,000 and Mr 210,000 proteins of the sea urchin sperm plasma membrane. Evidence that the Mr 210,000 protein interacts with egg jelly.
1985,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Qian,
Cleavage of polycystin-1 requires the receptor for egg jelly domain and is disrupted by human autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease 1-associated mutations.
2002,
Pubmed
Qian,
The nanomechanics of polycystin-1 extracellular region.
2005,
Pubmed
Ransick,
Detection of mRNA by in situ hybridization and RT-PCR.
2004,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Sodergren,
The genome of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.
2006,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Sutton,
Functional characterization of PKDREJ, a male germ cell-restricted polycystin.
2006,
Pubmed
Swanson,
The rapid evolution of reproductive proteins.
2002,
Pubmed
Trimmer,
Monoclonal antibody to a membrane glycoprotein inhibits the acrosome reaction and associated Ca2+ and H+ fluxes of sea urchin sperm.
1985,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Vacquier,
The fucose sulfate polymer of egg jelly binds to sperm REJ and is the inducer of the sea urchin sperm acrosome reaction.
1997,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Venglarik,
Evolutionary conservation of Drosophila polycystin-2 as a calcium-activated cation channel.
2004,
Pubmed
Yuasa,
Polycystin-1L2 is a novel G-protein-binding protein.
2004,
Pubmed
Yuasa,
The sequence, expression, and chromosomal localization of a novel polycystic kidney disease 1-like gene, PKD1L1, in human.
2002,
Pubmed
