Click
here to close Hello! We notice that
you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Echinobase
and may cause the site to display incorrectly. We suggest using a
current version of Chrome,
FireFox,
or Safari.
Eukaryot Cell
2003 Jun 01;23:456-64. doi: 10.1128/EC.2.3.456-464.2003.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
Roles of tyrosine-rich precursor glycoproteins and dityrosine- and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine-mediated protein cross-linking in development of the oocyst wall in the coccidian parasite Eimeria maxima.
Belli SI
,
Wallach MG
,
Luxford C
,
Davies MJ
,
Smith NC
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
The oocyst wall of apicomplexan parasites protects them from the harsh external environment, preserving their survival prior to transmission to the next host. If oocyst wall formation could be disrupted, then logically, the cycle of disease transmission could be stopped, and strategies to control infection by several organisms of medical and veterinary importance such as Eimeria, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Cyclospora, and Neospora could be developed. Here, we show that two tyrosine-rich precursor glycoproteins, gam56 and gam82, found in specialized organelles (wall-forming bodies) in the sexual stage (macrogamete) of Eimeria maxima are proteolytically processed into smaller glycoproteins, which are then incorporated into the developing oocyst wall. The identification of high concentrations of dityrosine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) in oocyst extracts by high-pressure liquid chromatography, together with the detection of a UV autofluorescence in intact oocysts, implicates dityrosine- and possibly DOPA-protein cross-links in oocyst wall hardening. In addition, the identification of peroxidase activity in the wall-forming bodies of macrogametes supports the hypothesis that dityrosine- and DOPA-mediated cross-linking might be an enzyme-catalyzed event. As such, the mechanism of oocyst wall formation in Eimeria, is analogous to the underlying mechanisms involved in the stabilization of extracellular matrices in a number of organisms, widely distributed in nature, including insect resilin, nematode cuticles, yeast cell walls, mussel byssal threads, and sea urchin fertilization membranes.
Altschul,
Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs.
1997, Pubmed
Altschul,
Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs.
1997,
Pubmed
Amadò,
Dityrosine: in vitro production and characterization.
1984,
Pubmed
Anderson,
Covalent cross-links in a structural protein, resilin.
1966,
Pubmed
Anderson,
A major protein precursor of zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) byssus: deduced sequence and significance.
1998,
Pubmed
Belli,
Biochemical characterisation of the 56 and 82 kDa immunodominant gametocyte antigens from Eimeria maxima.
2002,
Pubmed
Belli,
Functional genomics of gam56: characterisation of the role of a 56 kilodalton sexual stage antigen in oocyst wall formation in Eimeria maxima.
2002,
Pubmed
Belli,
Cloning and characterization of the 82 kDa tyrosine-rich sexual stage glycoprotein, GAM82, and its role in oocyst wall formation in the apicomplexan parasite, Eimeria maxima.
2003,
Pubmed
Briza,
Dityrosine is a prominent component of the yeast ascospore wall. A proof of its structure.
1986,
Pubmed
Chen,
Schistosoma mansoni p48 eggshell protein gene: characterization, developmentally regulated expression and comparison to the p14 eggshell protein gene.
1992,
Pubmed
Daugschies,
Autofluorescence microscopy for the detection of nematode eggs and protozoa, in particular Isospora suis, in swine faeces.
2001,
Pubmed
Davies,
Stable markers of oxidant damage to proteins and their application in the study of human disease.
1999,
Pubmed
Davies,
Autofluorescence in the oocysts of marine and freshwater fish coccidia.
2000,
Pubmed
Elwasila,
Fine structure of the process of oocyst wall formation of Eimeria maxima (Apicomplexa: Eimeriina).
1984,
Pubmed
Eschenbacher,
Characterization of a 14 kDa oocyst wall protein of Eimeria tenella and E. acervulina.
1996,
Pubmed
Fu,
Evidence for roles of radicals in protein oxidation in advanced human atherosclerotic plaque.
1998,
Pubmed
Hall,
Hardening of the sea urchin fertilization envelope by peroxidase-catalyzed phenolic coupling of tyrosines.
1978,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Heinecke,
Dityrosine, a specific marker of oxidation, is synthesized by the myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide system of human neutrophils and macrophages.
1993,
Pubmed
Heinecke,
Tyrosyl radical generated by myeloperoxidase catalyzes the oxidative cross-linking of proteins.
1993,
Pubmed
Karim,
Characterization and immunoprotective properties of a monoclonal antibody against the major oocyst wall protein of Eimeria tenella.
1996,
Pubmed
Laemmli,
Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4.
1970,
Pubmed
McDowell,
Rotational echo double resonance detection of cross-links formed in mussel byssus under high-flow stress.
1999,
Pubmed
Parise,
Assembly of nematode cuticle: role of hydrophobic interactions in CUT-2 cross-linking.
1997,
Pubmed
Pittilo,
The ultrastructural development of the oocyst wall of Eimeria maxima.
1980,
Pubmed
Scholtyseck,
Fine structure of macrogametes and oocysts of Coccidia and related organisms.
1971,
Pubmed
Schägger,
Tricine-sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for the separation of proteins in the range from 1 to 100 kDa.
1987,
Pubmed
Smith,
The fluorescent oxidation products of dihydroxyphenylalanine and its esters.
2000,
Pubmed
Stotish,
Structure and composition of the oocyst wall of Eimeria tenella.
1978,
Pubmed
Waite,
Presclerotized eggshell protein from the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica.
1987,
Pubmed
Waite,
The phylogeny and chemical diversity of quinone-tanned glues and varnishes.
1990,
Pubmed
Wallach,
Passive immunization of chickens against Eimeria maxima infection with a monoclonal antibody developed against a gametocyte antigen.
1990,
Pubmed
Wallach,
Eimeria maxima: identification of gametocyte protein antigens.
1989,
Pubmed
Williams,
The efficacy and economic benefits of Paracox, a live attenuated anticoccidial vaccine, in commercial trials with standard broiler chickens in the United Kingdom.
1999,
Pubmed
