Click
here to close Hello! We notice that
you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Echinobase
and may cause the site to display incorrectly. We suggest using a
current version of Chrome,
FireFox,
or Safari.
Biophys J
2003 Jun 01;846:4115-26. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(03)75136-4.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
Structural-functional relationships of the dynein, spokes, and central-pair projections predicted from an analysis of the forces acting within a flagellum.
Lindemann CB
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
In the axoneme of eukaryotic flagella the dynein motor proteins form crossbridges between the outer doublet microtubules. These motor proteins generate force that accumulates as linear tension, or compression, on the doublets. When tension or compression is present on a curved microtubule, a force per unit length develops in the plane of bending and is transverse to the long axis of the microtubule. This transverse force (t-force) is evaluated here using available experimental evidence from sea urchin sperm and bull sperm. At or near the switch point for beat reversal, the t-force is in the range of 0.25-1.0 nN/ micro m, with 0.5 nN/ micro m the most likely value. This is the case in both beating and arrested bull sperm and in beating sea urchin sperm. The total force that can be generated (or resisted) by all the dyneins on one micron of outer doublet is also approximately 0.5 nN. The equivalence of the maximum dynein force/ micro m and t-force/ micro m at the switch point may have important consequences. Firstly, the t-force acting on the doublets near the switch point of the flagellar beat is sufficiently strong that it could terminate the action of the dyneins directly by strongly favoring the detached state and precipitating a cascade of detachment from the adjacent doublet. Secondly, after dynein release occurs, the radial spokes and central-pair apparatus are the structures that must carry the t-force. The spokes attached to the central-pair projections will bear most of the load. The central-pair projections are well-positioned for this role, and they are suitably configured to regulate the amount of axoneme distortion that occurs during switching. However, to fulfill this role without preventing flagellar bend formation, moveable attachments that behave like processive motor proteins must mediate the attachment between the spoke heads and the central-pair structure.
Ashkin,
Force generation of organelle transport measured in vivo by an infrared laser trap.
1990, Pubmed
Ashkin,
Force generation of organelle transport measured in vivo by an infrared laser trap.
1990,
Pubmed
Brokaw,
Non-sinusoidal bending waves of sperm flagella.
1965,
Pubmed
Brokaw,
Bending patterns of Chlamydomonas flagella: IV. Mutants with defects in inner and outer dynein arms indicate differences in dynein arm function.
1987,
Pubmed
Brokaw,
The sea urchin spermatozoon.
1990,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Brokaw,
Microtubule sliding in swimming sperm flagella: direct and indirect measurements on sea urchin and tunicate spermatozoa.
1991,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Brokaw,
Control of flagellar bending: a new agenda based on dynein diversity.
1994,
Pubmed
Brokaw,
Computer simulation of flagellar movement: VII. Conventional but functionally different cross-bridge models for inner and outer arm dyneins can explain the effects of outer arm dynein removal.
1999,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Brokaw,
Analysis of the movement of Chlamydomonas flagella:" the function of the radial-spoke system is revealed by comparison of wild-type and mutant flagella.
1982,
Pubmed
Brokaw,
Automated methods for estimation of sperm flagellar bending parameters.
1984,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Brokaw,
Bending patterns of chlamydomonas flagella: III. A radial spoke head deficient mutant and a central pair deficient mutant.
1985,
Pubmed
Brokaw,
Bending patterns of ATP-reactivated sea urchin sperm flagella following high salt extraction for removal of outer dynein arms.
1999,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Burgess,
Rigor and relaxed outer dynein arms in replicas of cryofixed motile flagella.
1995,
Pubmed
Gibbons,
The effect of partial extraction of dynein arms on the movement of reactivated sea-urchin sperm.
1973,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Gibbons,
Live and reactivated motility in the 9+0 flagellum of Anguilla sperm.
1985,
Pubmed
Gibbons,
Flagellar movement and adenosine triphosphatase activity in sea urchin sperm extracted with triton X-100.
1972,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Goodenough,
Substructure of the outer dynein arm.
1982,
Pubmed
Goodenough,
Substructure of inner dynein arms, radial spokes, and the central pair/projection complex of cilia and flagella.
1985,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Habermacher,
Regulation of dynein-driven microtubule sliding by an axonemal kinase and phosphatase in Chlamydomonas flagella.
1995,
Pubmed
Hirakawa,
Processive movement of single 22S dynein molecules occurs only at low ATP concentrations.
2000,
Pubmed
Holcomb-Wygle,
Flagellar arrest behavior predicted by the Geometric Clutch model is confirmed experimentally by micromanipulation experiments on reactivated bull sperm.
1999,
Pubmed
Kamimura,
Direct measurement of the force of microtubule sliding in flagella.
1981,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
King,
AAA domains and organization of the dynein motor unit.
2000,
Pubmed
Lindemann,
Geometric Clutch model version 3: the role of the inner and outer arm dyneins in the ciliary beat.
2002,
Pubmed
Lindemann,
A model of flagellar and ciliary functioning which uses the forces transverse to the axoneme as the regulator of dynein activation.
1994,
Pubmed
Lindemann,
Functional significance of the outer dense fibers of mammalian sperm examined by computer simulations with the geometric clutch model.
1996,
Pubmed
Lindemann,
A model for flagellar motility.
1997,
Pubmed
Lindemann,
The stiffness of the flagella of impaled bull sperm.
1973,
Pubmed
Lindemann,
Adenosine triphosphate-induced motility and sliding of filaments in mammalian sperm extracted with Triton X-100.
1975,
Pubmed
Lindemann,
The flagellar beat of rat sperm is organized by the interaction of two functionally distinct populations of dynein bridges with a stable central axonemal partition.
1992,
Pubmed
Lindemann,
"Geometric clutch" hypothesis of axonemal function: key issues and testable predictions.
1995,
Pubmed
Medalia,
Macromolecular architecture in eukaryotic cells visualized by cryoelectron tomography.
2002,
Pubmed
Nishiyama,
Chemomechanical coupling of the forward and backward steps of single kinesin molecules.
2002,
Pubmed
Oiwa,
The force-velocity relationship for microtubule sliding in demembranated sperm flagella of the sea urchin.
1988,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Olson,
Observations of the structural components of flagellar axonemes and central pair microtubules from rat sperm.
1977,
Pubmed
Piperno,
Outer and inner arm dyneins from flagella of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
1982,
Pubmed
Porter,
The 9 + 2 axoneme anchors multiple inner arm dyneins and a network of kinases and phosphatases that control motility.
2000,
Pubmed
Rupp,
The Chlamydomonas PF6 locus encodes a large alanine/proline-rich polypeptide that is required for assembly of a central pair projection and regulates flagellar motility.
2001,
Pubmed
Sakakibara,
Inner-arm dynein c of Chlamydomonas flagella is a single-headed processive motor.
1999,
Pubmed
Sale,
Direction of active sliding of microtubules in Tetrahymena cilia.
1977,
Pubmed
Sale,
The axonemal axis and Ca2+-induced asymmetry of active microtubule sliding in sea urchin sperm tails.
1986,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Satir,
Splitting the ciliary axoneme: implications for a "switch-point" model of dynein arm activity in ciliary motion.
1989,
Pubmed
Schmitz,
Measurement of the force produced by an intact bull sperm flagellum in isometric arrest and estimation of the dynein stall force.
2000,
Pubmed
Shingyoji,
Dynein arms are oscillating force generators.
1998,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Smith,
Regulation of dynein-driven microtubule sliding by the radial spokes in flagella.
1992,
Pubmed
Smith,
The role of central apparatus components in flagellar motility and microtubule assembly.
1997,
Pubmed
Tamm,
Alternate patterns of doublet microtubule sliding in ATP-disintegrated macrocilia of the ctenophore Beroë.
1984,
Pubmed
Warner,
The structural basis of ciliary bend formation. Radial spoke positional changes accompanying microtubule sliding.
1974,
Pubmed
Warner,
Ciliary inter-microtubule bridges.
1976,
Pubmed
Warner,
Cation-induced attachment of ciliary dynein cross-bridges.
1978,
Pubmed
Warner,
Rebinding of Tetrahymena 13 S and 21 S dynein ATPases to extracted doublet microtubules. The inner row and outer row dynein arms.
1985,
Pubmed
Warner,
Structural conformation of ciliary dynein arms and the generation of sliding forces in Tetrahymena cilia.
1978,
Pubmed
Woolley,
Studies on the eel sperm flagellum. I. The structure of the inner dynein arm complex.
1997,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Yagi,
Novel mode of hyper-oscillation in the paralyzed axoneme of a Chlamydomonas mutant lacking the central-pair microtubules.
1995,
Pubmed
Zanetti,
Effects of divalent cations on dynein cross bridging and ciliary microtubule sliding.
1979,
Pubmed
