J Submicrosc Cytol 1983 Jan 01;151:1-3.

Dynamic aspects of microtubule sliding in sperm flagella.

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The force of microtubule sliding in reactivated sea urchin sperm flagella was determined under defined mechanical conditions by attaching two glass microneedles to a demembranated flagellum and measuring the small displacements of the needle caused by the sliding force. Upon reactivation with a solution containing elastase as well as ATP, oscillatory force generation was observed under an isometric condition, followed by a plateau of isometric force. The average isometric force was about 1 pN per dynein arm which did not change with the ATP concentration (4 to 500 microM).

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Genes referenced: dnah3 LOC100887844