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The essential elements of the sea urchin L. variegatus U1 snRNA promoter were mapped by microinjection of a U1 maxigene into sea urchin zygotes. Two elements are required for expression: a distal sequence element (DSE) located between -318 and -300 and a proximal sequence element (PSE) centered at -55. Removal or alteration of other sequences conserved in different sea urchin snRNA U1 genes, including deletion of all sequence between -90 and -273, did not affect the expression. Sequences around the start site were not required for expression. Deletion of nucleotides between the PSE and the start site resulted in initiation inside the U1 coding region, suggesting that the PSE determines the start site of transcription. There is no obvious similarity between the sequences required for the sea urchin U1 snRNA expression and the sequences required for the expression of other sea urchin snRNAs.
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