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Mar Drugs
2013 Feb 05;112:399-417. doi: 10.3390/md11020399.
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Comparison of physicochemical characteristics and anticoagulant activities of polysaccharides from three sea cucumbers.
Luo L
,
Wu M
,
Xu L
,
Lian W
,
Xiang J
,
Lu F
,
Gao N
,
Xiao C
,
Wang S
,
Zhao J
.
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In order to search for sulfated polysaccharides in different invertebrate connective tissues and to examine their biological activities, we have isolated three types of polysaccharides from the body wall of the three sea cucumbers Holothuria edulis, Apostichopus japonicas and Holothuria nobilis. The physicochemical properties and anticoagulant activities of these polysaccharides were examined and compared. The chemical composition analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis indicate that two types of polysaccharides, sulfated fucan and fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (FuCS), were found in all of the three species and in addition a neutral glycan was observed in H. edulis. The neutral α-glucan was firstly obtained from sea cucumber. The same type of polysaccharides from different species of sea cucumbers have similar physicochemical properties and anticoagulant activities, but those of different types of glycans are significantly different, possibly due to their different monosaccharide compositions, electric charges and average molecular weights. The FuCSs have stronger anticoagulant activities than the sulfated fucans, although the molecular sizes of the FuCSs are lower than those of the sulfated fucans, whereas the neutral glucan has no activity, as expected from the absence of sulfate. Thus, anticoagulant activities of the different type of polysaccharides are likely to relate to monosaccharide composition and sulfate content. Preliminary analysis suggests that the sulfation patterns of the FuCSs may result in the difference in anticoagulant activities. Our data could help elucidate the structure-activity relationship of the sea cucumber polysaccharides.
Figure 1. High-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) profiles of crude polysaccharides, sulfated fucans, fucosylated chondroitin sulfates and neutral glucan from the three species of sea cucumbers H. edulis (Panel A), A. japonicas (Panel B) and H. nobilis (Panel C).
Figure 2. Conductimetric titration curves of samples of sulfated fucans (Panel A), fucosylated chondroitin sulfates (Panel B) and neutral glucan (Panel C) from three sea cucumbers.
Figure 3. Plots of reduced viscosity (ηsp/c) or logarithmic viscosity (ln(ηr)/c) vs. concentrations (c) of sulfated fucan (Panel A), fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (Panel B) and neutral glucan (Panel C). Panel D shows relationships between the intrinsic viscosity ([η]) and weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the sulfated polysaccharides.
Figure 4. 1H NMR spectra of the polysaccharides, three sulfated fucans (Panel A), three fucosylated chondroitin sulfates (Panel B) and a neutral glucan (Panel C) from three sea cucumbers.
Figure 5. Anticoagulant activities, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) (Panel A) and thrombin time (TT) (Panel B), of the polysaccharides from different species of sea cucumbers.
Figure S1. HPLC of the sulfated fucans, neutral glucan (Panel A) and the fucosylated chondroitin sulfates (Panel B).
Figure S2. Parts of the spectra of the neutral glucan (13C, 1H, 1H–1H COSY, 1H–13C HMQC).
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