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Front Microbiol
2018 Jan 01;9:1829. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01829.
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The Microbial Landscape of Sea Stars and the Anatomical and Interspecies Variability of Their Microbiome.
Jackson EW
,
Pepe-Ranney C
,
Debenport SJ
,
Buckley DH
,
Hewson I
.
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Sea stars are among the most important predators in benthic ecosystems worldwide which is partly attributed to their unique gastrointestinal features and feeding behaviors. Despite their ecological importance, the microbiome of these animals and its influence on adult host health and development largely remains unknown. To begin to understand such interactions we sought to understand what bacteria are associated with these animals, how the microbiome is partitioned across regions of the body and how seawater influences their microbiome. We analyzed the microbiome composition of a geographically and taxonomically diverse set of sea star taxa by using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and compared microorganisms associated with different regions of their body and to their local environment. In addition, we estimated the bacterial and coelomocyte abundance in the sea star coelomic fluid and bacterioplankton abundance in the surrounding seawater via epifluorescence microscopy. The average bacterial cell abundance observed in the coelomic fluid was one to two orders of magnitude lower than the bacterioplankton abundance in the surrounding seawater suggesting a selection against the presence of microorganisms in the coelomic fluid. The sea star microbiome was also significantly different from seawater with relatively few shared microbial taxa. Microbial communities were found to be significantly different between the pyloric caeca, gonads, coelomic fluid, and body wall of the animals. The most noticeable difference between anatomical sites was the greater relative abundance of Spirochaetae and Tenericutes found in hard tissues (gonads, pyloric caeca, and body wall) than in the coelomic fluid. The microbiome of sea stars thus appears to be anatomically partitioned, distinct from the microbial community of seawater and contains a relatively low abundance of bacteria within the coelomic cavity.
FIGURE 1. Sea star anatomy. Basic anatomy of a sea star with cross section of a ray. Anatomical sites sampled for this study include: (1) pyloric caeca (green), (2) gonads (yellow), (3) body wall (gray) and (4) coelomic fluid contained within coelomic cavity.
FIGURE 3. Sub-OTU richness among and between sea stars and seawater. (A) Observed richness of sub-OTUs among sea star species. Error bars represent standard errors. The dashed line is set at 137 and is the average number of sub-OTUs found across all sea stars. (B) Venn diagram of shared and unique sub-OTU between sea stars and seawater.
FIGURE 4. β-diversity analysis of sea star and seawater microbial communities. (A) UPGMA clustering based on unweighted Unifrac distances. Node tips are labeled by sea star taxa and node colors correspond to the respective order. Symbols correspond to sample type. Collapsed samples represent seawater samples. (B) PCoA plots generated from unweighted Unifrac distances.
FIGURE 5. Top six bacterial phyla associated with sea stars. Top six bacterial phyla categorized by sample type with points representing individual sample libraries. Horizontal black bar represents the mean value for the phyla associated with the respective sample type.
FIGURE 6. Spirochaetae and Tenericutes relative abundance. Total relative abundance of Spirochaetae and Tenericutes sub-OTUs in libraries. Colors correspond to sea star taxa.
FIGURE 7. Bubble plot of top 60 sub-OTUs. Top 60 sub-OTUs are defined by mean relative abundance across all sea star libraries. Each column is a unique library. Color of bubbles correspond to taxonomic order of sub-OTU, and bubble size corresponds to relative abundance of a sub-OTU in a library.
FIGURE 8. Epifluorescence microscopy cell counts. Enumeration of coelomocytes and bacterial cells in the coelomic fluid of sea stars and bacterioplankton in the surrounding seawater. Error bars represent standard error.
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