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Toxins (Basel)
2018 Feb 26;103:. doi: 10.3390/toxins10030094.
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Fatal Canine Intoxications Linked to the Presence of Saxitoxins in Stranded Marine Organisms Following Winter Storm Activity.
Turner AD
,
Dhanji-Rapkova M
,
Dean K
,
Milligan S
,
Hamilton M
,
Thomas J
,
Poole C
,
Haycock J
,
Spelman-Marriott J
,
Watson A
,
Hughes K
,
Marr B
,
Dixon A
,
Coates L
.
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At the start of 2018, multiple incidents of dog illnesses were reported following consumption of marine species washed up onto the beaches of eastern England after winter storms. Over a two-week period, nine confirmed illnesses including two canine deaths were recorded. Symptoms in the affected dogs included sickness, loss of motor control, and muscle paralysis. Samples of flatfish, starfish, and crab from the beaches in the affected areas were analysed for a suite of naturally occurring marine neurotoxins of dinoflagellate origin. Toxins causing paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) were detected and quantified using two independent chemical testing methods in samples of all three marine types, with concentrations over 14,000 µg saxitoxin (STX) eq/kg found in one starfish sample. Further evidence for PSP intoxication of the dogs was obtained with the positive identification of PSP toxins in a vomited crab sample from one deceased dog and in gastrointestinal samples collected post mortem from a second affected dog. Together, this is the first report providing evidence of starfish being implicated in a PSP intoxication case and the first report of PSP in canines.
Figure 1. Map of East Anglia showing the locations where dog illnesses and deaths were reported, and nearby shellfish production areas subjected to routine official control testing. Yellow circles indicate dog illness incidents, red circles indicate dog deaths. 1—Burnham Staithe (1 January 2018); 2—Holkham (1 January 2018); 3—Holkham (2 January 2018); 4—Wells-next-the-Sea (31 December 2017); 5—Cley (31 December 2017); 6—Cley (31 December 2017); 7—Horsey (27 December 2017); 8—Hemsby (31 December 2017); 9—Felixstowe Beach (13 January 2018). Green circles denote shellfish production areas: A—The Wash, Toft (mussels); B—The Wash, Stubborn Sand (cockles); C—Brancaster, Loose-J (mussels); D—Blakeney, Wells—The Pool (mussels); E—Butley, Pumping station outfall (Pacific oysters); F—Deben, Stonner Point (mussels).
Figure 3. Example of LC–MS/MS Selected Reaction Monitoring (SRM) chromatograms of (a) analytical standard; (b) starfish sample.
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