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PLoS One
2015 Jan 01;103:e0119627. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119627.
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Phylogenomic analyses of Echinodermata support the sister groups of Asterozoa and Echinozoa.
Reich A
,
Dunn C
,
Akasaka K
,
Wessel G
.
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Echinoderms (sea urchins, sea stars, brittle stars, sea lilies and sea cucumbers) are a group of diverse organisms, second in number within deuterostome species to only the chordates. Echinoderms serve as excellent model systems for developmental biology due to their diverse developmental mechanisms, tractable laboratory use, and close phylogenetic distance to chordates. In addition, echinoderms are very well represented in the fossil record, including some larval features, making echinoderms a valuable system for studying evolutionary development. The internal relationships of Echinodermata have not been consistently supported across phylogenetic analyses, however, and this has hindered the study of other aspects of their biology. In order to test echinoderm phylogenetic relationships, we sequenced 23 de novo transcriptomes from all five clades of echinoderms. Using multiple phylogenetic methods at a variety of sampling depths we have constructed a well-supported phylogenetic tree of Echinodermata, including support for the sister groups of Asterozoa (sea stars and brittle stars) and Echinozoa (sea urchins and sea cucumbers). These results will help inform developmental and evolutionary studies specifically in echinoderms and deuterostomes in general.
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25794146
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Fig 1. Four competing hypotheses of the phylogenetic relationship of extant echinoderms.Most phylogenetic studies place Echinoidea and Holothuroidea as sister groups. The difficulty lies in the placement of Ophiuroidea; different methods favor different positions for brittle stars. A) The predominant hypotheses of how extant echinoderms are related are the Asterozoan and Cryptosyringid hypotheses. B) Two other alternate hypotheses based on mitochondrial gene alignments.
Fig 2. Phylogenetic relationship of extant echinoderms.Support values for the phylogenetic trees using RAxML and PhyloBayes on the dense and sparse supermatricies. Each node is scored with three support values; an asterisk denotes 100/100/100 support. The first support value is the dense supermatrix RAxML 1,000 bootstraps, the second value is the sparse supermatrix RAxML 100 bootstraps, and the third value is the dense supermatrix PhyloBayes posterior probabilities. The phylogram presented here is from the dense supermatrix RAxML analysis. See S2 Fig. for the tree topology predicted by the PhyloBayes analysis.
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