ECB-ART-43267
Genesis
2014 Mar 01;523:173-85. doi: 10.1002/dvg.22756.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
Branching out: origins of the sea urchin larval skeleton in development and evolution.
McIntyre DC
,
Lyons DC
,
Martik M
,
McClay DR
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
It is a challenge to understand how the information encoded in DNA is used to build a three-dimensional structure. To explore how this works the assembly of a relatively simple skeleton has been examined at multiple control levels. The skeleton of the sea urchin embryo consists of a number of calcite rods produced by 64 skeletogenic cells. The ectoderm supplies spatial cues for patterning, essentially telling the skeletogenic cells where to position themselves and providing the factors for skeletal growth. Here, we describe the information known about how this works. First the ectoderm must be patterned so that the signaling cues are released from precise positions. The skeletogenic cells respond by initiating skeletogenesis immediately beneath two regions (one on the right and the other on the left side). Growth of the skeletal rods requires additional signaling from defined ectodermal locations, and the skeletogenic cells respond to produce a membrane-bound template in which the calcite crystal grows. Important in this process are three signals, fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and Wnt5. Each is necessary for explicit tasks in skeleton production.
???displayArticle.pubmedLink??? 24549853
???displayArticle.pmcLink??? PMC3990003
???displayArticle.link??? Genesis
???displayArticle.grants??? [+]
P01 HD037105 NICHD NIH HHS , T32 HD040372 NICHD NIH HHS , R01-HD-14483 NICHD NIH HHS , R01 HD014483 NICHD NIH HHS , P01-HD-037105 NICHD NIH HHS
Genes referenced: fgf LOC100887844 LOC105438994 LOC578814 vegfc
References [+] :
Addadi,
Mollusk shell formation: a source of new concepts for understanding biomineralization processes.
2006, Pubmed
Addadi, Mollusk shell formation: a source of new concepts for understanding biomineralization processes. 2006, Pubmed
Adomako-Ankomah, P58-A and P58-B: novel proteins that mediate skeletogenesis in the sea urchin embryo. 2011, Pubmed , Echinobase
Adomako-Ankomah, Growth factor-mediated mesodermal cell guidance and skeletogenesis during sea urchin gastrulation. 2013, Pubmed , Echinobase
Angerer, The evolution of nervous system patterning: insights from sea urchin development. 2011, Pubmed , Echinobase
Armstrong, Skeletal pattern is specified autonomously by the primary mesenchyme cells in sea urchin embryos. 1994, Pubmed , Echinobase
Armstrong, Cell-cell interactions regulate skeleton formation in the sea urchin embryo. 1993, Pubmed , Echinobase
BALTZER, Biochemical studies on sea urchin hybrids. 1959, Pubmed , Echinobase
Beniash, Cellular control over spicule formation in sea urchin embryos: A structural approach. 1999, Pubmed , Echinobase
Bradham, p38 MAPK is essential for secondary axis specification and patterning in sea urchin embryos. 2006, Pubmed , Echinobase
Burke, A genomic view of the sea urchin nervous system. 2006, Pubmed , Echinobase
Cavalieri, Impairing Otp homeodomain function in oral ectoderm cells affects skeletogenesis in sea urchin embryos. 2003, Pubmed , Echinobase
Cavalieri, Specific expression of a TRIM-containing factor in ectoderm cells affects the skeletal morphogenetic program of the sea urchin embryo. 2011, Pubmed , Echinobase
Coffman, Oral-aboral axis specification in the sea urchin embryo. I. Axis entrainment by respiratory asymmetry. 2001, Pubmed , Echinobase
Czerny, The characterization of novel Pax genes of the sea urchin and Drosophila reveal an ancient evolutionary origin of the Pax2/5/8 subfamily. 1997, Pubmed , Echinobase
Davidson, Lineage-specific gene expression and the regulative capacities of the sea urchin embryo: a proposed mechanism. 1989, Pubmed , Echinobase
Decker, Characterization of sea urchin primary mesenchyme cells and spicules during biomineralization in vitro. 1987, Pubmed , Echinobase
Di Bernardo, Spatially restricted expression of PlOtp, a Paracentrotus lividus orthopedia-related homeobox gene, is correlated with oral ectodermal patterning and skeletal morphogenesis in late-cleavage sea urchin embryos. 1999, Pubmed , Echinobase
Duboc, Nodal and BMP2/4 signaling organizes the oral-aboral axis of the sea urchin embryo. 2004, Pubmed , Echinobase
Duloquin, Localized VEGF signaling from ectoderm to mesenchyme cells controls morphogenesis of the sea urchin embryo skeleton. 2007, Pubmed , Echinobase
Emily-Fenouil, GSK3beta/shaggy mediates patterning along the animal-vegetal axis of the sea urchin embryo. 1998, Pubmed , Echinobase
Ettensohn, Alx1, a member of the Cart1/Alx3/Alx4 subfamily of Paired-class homeodomain proteins, is an essential component of the gene network controlling skeletogenic fate specification in the sea urchin embryo. 2003, Pubmed , Echinobase
Ettensohn, Lessons from a gene regulatory network: echinoderm skeletogenesis provides insights into evolution, plasticity and morphogenesis. 2009, Pubmed , Echinobase
GUSTAFSON, Studies on the cellular basis of morphogenesis in the sea urchin embryo. Directed movements of primary mesenchvme cells in normal and vegetalized larvae. 1961, Pubmed , Echinobase
Gao, Transfer of a large gene regulatory apparatus to a new developmental address in echinoid evolution. 2008, Pubmed , Echinobase
Gong, Phase transitions in biogenic amorphous calcium carbonate. 2012, Pubmed , Echinobase
Gross, The role of Brachyury (T) during gastrulation movements in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. 2001, Pubmed , Echinobase
Guss, Skeletal morphogenesis in the sea urchin embryo: regulation of primary mesenchyme gene expression and skeletal rod growth by ectoderm-derived cues. 1997, Pubmed , Echinobase
Hardin, Commitment along the dorsoventral axis of the sea urchin embryo is altered in response to NiCl2. 1992, Pubmed , Echinobase
Hardin, Short-range cell-cell signals control ectodermal patterning in the oral region of the sea urchin embryo. 1997, Pubmed , Echinobase
Ho, Wnt5a-Ror-Dishevelled signaling constitutes a core developmental pathway that controls tissue morphogenesis. 2012, Pubmed
Hodor, The dynamics and regulation of mesenchymal cell fusion in the sea urchin embryo. 1998, Pubmed , Echinobase
Hörstadius, [Not Available]. 1936, Pubmed
Illies, Identification and developmental expression of new biomineralization proteins in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. 2002, Pubmed , Echinobase
Janies, Echinoderm phylogeny including Xyloplax, a progenetic asteroid. 2011, Pubmed , Echinobase
Kilian, The role of Ppt/Wnt5 in regulating cell shape and movement during zebrafish gastrulation. 2003, Pubmed
Killian, Molecular aspects of biomineralization of the echinoderm endoskeleton. 2008, Pubmed , Echinobase
Kinjo, Evolutionary history of larval skeletal morphology in sea urchin Echinometridae (Echinoidea: Echinodermata) as deduced from mitochondrial DNA molecular phylogeny. 2008, Pubmed , Echinobase
Knapp, Recombinant sea urchin vascular endothelial growth factor directs single-crystal growth and branching in vitro. 2012, Pubmed , Echinobase
Li, Direct and indirect control of oral ectoderm regulatory gene expression by Nodal signaling in the sea urchin embryo. 2012, Pubmed , Echinobase
Livingston, A genome-wide analysis of biomineralization-related proteins in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. 2006, Pubmed , Echinobase
Logan, Nuclear beta-catenin is required to specify vegetal cell fates in the sea urchin embryo. 1999, Pubmed , Echinobase
Lyons, Morphogenesis in sea urchin embryos: linking cellular events to gene regulatory network states. 2012, Pubmed , Echinobase
Mahamid, Bone mineralization proceeds through intracellular calcium phosphate loaded vesicles: a cryo-electron microscopy study. 2011, Pubmed
Malinda, Primary mesenchyme cell migration in the sea urchin embryo: distribution of directional cues. 1994, Pubmed , Echinobase
Malinda, Four-dimensional microscopic analysis of the filopodial behavior of primary mesenchyme cells during gastrulation in the sea urchin embryo. 1995, Pubmed , Echinobase
McCauley, A conserved gene regulatory network subcircuit drives different developmental fates in the vegetal pole of highly divergent echinoderm embryos. 2010, Pubmed , Echinobase
McClay, Evolutionary crossroads in developmental biology: sea urchins. 2011, Pubmed , Echinobase
McIntyre, Short-range Wnt5 signaling initiates specification of sea urchin posterior ectoderm. 2013, Pubmed , Echinobase
Miller, Dynamics of thin filopodia during sea urchin gastrulation. 1995, Pubmed , Echinobase
Morino, Heterochronic activation of VEGF signaling and the evolution of the skeleton in echinoderm pluteus larvae. 2012, Pubmed , Echinobase
Nakajima, Divergent patterns of neural development in larval echinoids and asteroids. 2004, Pubmed , Echinobase
Nakano, Larval stages of a living sea lily (stalked crinoid echinoderm). 2003, Pubmed , Echinobase
Okazaki, CRYSTAL PROPERTY OF THE LARVAL SEA URCHIN SPICULE. 1976, Pubmed , Echinobase
Oliveri, Activation of pmar1 controls specification of micromeres in the sea urchin embryo. 2003, Pubmed , Echinobase
Oliveri, Repression of mesodermal fate by foxa, a key endoderm regulator of the sea urchin embryo. 2006, Pubmed , Echinobase
Oliveri, Global regulatory logic for specification of an embryonic cell lineage. 2008, Pubmed , Echinobase
Pennington, Consequences of the Calcite Skeletons of Planktonic Echinoderm Larvae for Orientation, Swimming, and Shape. 1990, Pubmed
Peter, The endoderm gene regulatory network in sea urchin embryos up to mid-blastula stage. 2010, Pubmed , Echinobase
Peter, A gene regulatory network controlling the embryonic specification of endoderm. 2011, Pubmed , Echinobase
Peterson, Primary mesenchyme cell patterning during the early stages following ingression. 2003, Pubmed , Echinobase
Pisani, Resolving phylogenetic signal from noise when divergence is rapid: a new look at the old problem of echinoderm class relationships. 2012, Pubmed , Echinobase
Rafiq, The genomic regulatory control of skeletal morphogenesis in the sea urchin. 2012, Pubmed , Echinobase
Range, Integration of canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling pathways patterns the neuroectoderm along the anterior-posterior axis of sea urchin embryos. 2013, Pubmed , Echinobase
Rho, The control of foxN2/3 expression in sea urchin embryos and its function in the skeletogenic gene regulatory network. 2011, Pubmed , Echinobase
Röttinger, FGF signals guide migration of mesenchymal cells, control skeletal morphogenesis [corrected] and regulate gastrulation during sea urchin development. 2008, Pubmed , Echinobase
Saudemont, Ancestral regulatory circuits governing ectoderm patterning downstream of Nodal and BMP2/4 revealed by gene regulatory network analysis in an echinoderm. 2010, Pubmed , Echinobase
Sherwood, LvNotch signaling mediates secondary mesenchyme specification in the sea urchin embryo. 1999, Pubmed , Echinobase
Sherwood, Identification and localization of a sea urchin Notch homologue: insights into vegetal plate regionalization and Notch receptor regulation. 1997, Pubmed , Echinobase
Strathmann, Functional design in the evolution of embryos and larvae. 2000, Pubmed
Strathmann, Time and extent of ciliary response to particles in a non-filtering feeding mechanism. 2007, Pubmed , Echinobase
Strathmann, Good eaters, poor swimmers: compromises in larval form. 2006, Pubmed , Echinobase
Su, A perturbation model of the gene regulatory network for oral and aboral ectoderm specification in the sea urchin embryo. 2009, Pubmed , Echinobase
Sweet, LvDelta is a mesoderm-inducing signal in the sea urchin embryo and can endow blastomeres with organizer-like properties. 2002, Pubmed , Echinobase
Urry, Expression of spicule matrix proteins in the sea urchin embryo during normal and experimentally altered spiculogenesis. 2000, Pubmed , Echinobase
Vaughn, Sequencing and analysis of the gastrula transcriptome of the brittle star Ophiocoma wendtii. 2012, Pubmed , Echinobase
WOLPERT, Studies on the cellular basis of morphogenesis of the sea urchin embryo. Development of the skeletal pattern. 1961, Pubmed , Echinobase
Wada, Phylogenetic relationships among extant classes of echinoderms, as inferred from sequences of 18S rDNA, coincide with relationships deduced from the fossil record. 1994, Pubmed , Echinobase
Wei, Axial patterning interactions in the sea urchin embryo: suppression of nodal by Wnt1 signaling. 2012, Pubmed , Echinobase
Wikramanayake, beta-Catenin is essential for patterning the maternally specified animal-vegetal axis in the sea urchin embryo. 1998, Pubmed , Echinobase
Wilt, Developmental biology meets materials science: Morphogenesis of biomineralized structures. 2005, Pubmed , Echinobase
Wilt, Development of calcareous skeletal elements in invertebrates. 2003, Pubmed
Yamanaka, JNK functions in the non-canonical Wnt pathway to regulate convergent extension movements in vertebrates. 2002, Pubmed