ECB-ART-42582
Development
2012 Oct 01;13920:3786-94. doi: 10.1242/dev.082230.
Autonomy in specification of primordial germ cells and their passive translocation in the sea urchin.
???displayArticle.abstract???
The process of germ line determination involves many conserved genes, yet is highly variable. Echinoderms are positioned at the base of Deuterostomia and are crucial to understanding these evolutionary transitions, yet the mechanism of germ line specification is not known in any member of the phyla. Here we demonstrate that small
micromeres (SMics), which are formed at the fifth cell division of the sea urchin
embryo , illustrate many typical features of
primordial germ cell (PGC) specification. SMics autonomously express germ line genes in isolated culture, including selective
Vasa protein accumulation and transcriptional activation of nanos; their descendants are passively displaced towards the
animal pole by
secondary mesenchyme cells and the elongating
archenteron during gastrulation;
Cadherin (G form) has an important role in their development and clustering phenotype; and a left/right integration into the future adult anlagen appears to be controlled by a late developmental mechanism. These results suggest that sea urchin SMics share many more characteristics typical of PGCs than previously thought, and imply a more widely conserved system of germ line development among metazoans.
???displayArticle.pubmedLink???
22991443
???displayArticle.pmcLink???
PMC3445309
???displayArticle.link???
Development
???displayArticle.grants???
[+]
Genes referenced:
ddx4
LOC100887844
LOC100891456
LOC115919910
LOC594236
pole
???displayArticle.morpholinos???
pqlc2l MO1
References [+] :
Aihara,
Left-right positioning of the adult rudiment in sea urchin larvae is directed by the right side.
2001,
Pubmed ,
Echinobase
Aihara,
Left-right positioning of the adult rudiment in sea urchin larvae is directed by the right side.
2001,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Cameron,
Lineage and fate of each blastomere of the eight-cell sea urchin embryo.
1987,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Cameron,
Macromere cell fates during sea urchin development.
1991,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Cano,
The transcription factor snail controls epithelial-mesenchymal transitions by repressing E-cadherin expression.
2000,
Pubmed
Carré,
Formation of a large Vasa-positive germ granule and its inheritance by germ cells in the enigmatic Chaetognaths.
2002,
Pubmed
Covian-Nares,
Two independent forms of endocytosis maintain embryonic cell surface homeostasis during early development.
2008,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Duboc,
Left-right asymmetry in the sea urchin embryo is regulated by nodal signaling on the right side.
2005,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Ettensohn,
Cell interactions and mesodermal cell fates in the sea urchin embryo.
1992,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Ewen-Campen,
The molecular machinery of germ line specification.
2010,
Pubmed
Extavour,
Mechanisms of germ cell specification across the metazoans: epigenesis and preformation.
2003,
Pubmed
Fujii,
Role of the nanos homolog during sea urchin development.
2009,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Gao,
Next generation organelles: structure and role of germ granules in the germline.
2013,
Pubmed
Gustafson,
Post-translational regulation by gustavus contributes to selective Vasa protein accumulation in multipotent cells during embryogenesis.
2011,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
HORSTADIUS,
The mechanics of sea urchin development.
1950,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Illmensee,
Transplantation of posterior polar plasm in Drosophila. Induction of germ cells at the anterior pole of the egg.
1974,
Pubmed
Juliano,
Nanos functions to maintain the fate of the small micromere lineage in the sea urchin embryo.
2010,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Juliano,
Developmental biology. Versatile germline genes.
2010,
Pubmed
Juliano,
Germ line determinants are not localized early in sea urchin development, but do accumulate in the small micromere lineage.
2006,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Kardash,
A role for Rho GTPases and cell-cell adhesion in single-cell motility in vivo.
2010,
Pubmed
Katow,
Ultrastructural and time-lapse studies of primary mesenchyme cell behavior in normal and sulfate-deprived sea urchin embryos.
1981,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Kimble,
On the control of germ cell development in Caenorhabditis elegans.
1981,
Pubmed
Langelan,
Unequal cleavage and the differentiation of echinoid primary mesenchyme.
1985,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Lawson,
Clonal analysis of the origin of primordial germ cells in the mouse.
1994,
Pubmed
Logan,
The allocation of early blastomeres to the ectoderm and endoderm is variable in the sea urchin embryo.
1997,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Marthiens,
Adhesion molecules in the stem cell niche--more than just staying in shape?
2010,
Pubmed
Matsui,
The molecular mechanisms regulating germ cell development and potential.
2010,
Pubmed
McNeil,
The endomembrane requirement for cell surface repair.
2003,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Megason,
Digitizing life at the level of the cell: high-performance laser-scanning microscopy and image analysis for in toto imaging of development.
2003,
Pubmed
Miller,
Characterization of the role of cadherin in regulating cell adhesion during sea urchin development.
1997,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Mochizuki,
Universal occurrence of the vasa-related genes among metazoans and their germline expression in Hydra.
2001,
Pubmed
Okamura,
Cadherin-mediated cell interaction regulates germ cell determination in mice.
2003,
Pubmed
Oyama,
Transient occurrence of vasa-expressing cells in nongenital segments during embryonic development in the oligochaete annelid Tubifex tubifex.
2007,
Pubmed
Pehrson,
The fate of the small micromeres in sea urchin development.
1986,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Ransick,
Postembryonic segregation of the germ line in sea urchins in relation to indirect development.
1996,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Raz,
The function and regulation of vasa-like genes in germ-cell development.
2000,
Pubmed
Rebscher,
The germ plasm component Vasa allows tracing of the interstitial stem cells in the cnidarian Hydractinia echinata.
2008,
Pubmed
Rebscher,
Vasa unveils a common origin of germ cells and of somatic stem cells from the posterior growth zone in the polychaete Platynereis dumerilii.
2007,
Pubmed
Rebscher,
Hidden in the crowd: primordial germ cells and somatic stem cells in the mesodermal posterior growth zone of the polychaete Platynereis dumerillii are two distinct cell populations.
2012,
Pubmed
Rosner,
Vasa and the germ line lineage in a colonial urochordate.
2009,
Pubmed
Ruffins,
A clonal analysis of secondary mesenchyme cell fates in the sea urchin embryo.
1993,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Ruffins,
A fate map of the vegetal plate of the sea urchin (Lytechinus variegatus) mesenchyme blastula.
1996,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Saga,
Function of Nanos2 in the male germ cell lineage in mice.
2010,
Pubmed
Sherwood,
LvNotch signaling mediates secondary mesenchyme specification in the sea urchin embryo.
1999,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Shibata,
Expression of vasa(vas)-related genes in germline cells and totipotent somatic stem cells of planarians.
1999,
Pubmed
Shirae-Kurabayashi,
Dynamic redistribution of vasa homolog and exclusion of somatic cell determinants during germ cell specification in Ciona intestinalis.
2006,
Pubmed
Sweet,
LvDelta is a mesoderm-inducing signal in the sea urchin embryo and can endow blastomeres with organizer-like properties.
2002,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Tam,
The allocation of epiblast cells to ectodermal and germ-line lineages is influenced by the position of the cells in the gastrulating mouse embryo.
1996,
Pubmed
Tarbashevich,
The nuts and bolts of germ-cell migration.
2010,
Pubmed
Technau,
A single cell approach to problems of cell lineage and commitment during embryogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster.
1987,
Pubmed
Voronina,
Vasa protein expression is restricted to the small micromeres of the sea urchin, but is inducible in other lineages early in development.
2008,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Williamson,
Germ cell development in Drosophila.
1996,
Pubmed
Wilt,
Biomineralization of the spicules of sea urchin embryos.
2002,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Wu,
Ingression of primary mesenchyme cells of the sea urchin embryo: a precisely timed epithelial mesenchymal transition.
2007,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Wu,
The Snail repressor is required for PMC ingression in the sea urchin embryo.
2007,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Yajima,
Ars insulator protects transgenes from long-term silencing in sea urchin larva.
2007,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Yajima,
The DEAD-box RNA helicase Vasa functions in embryonic mitotic progression in the sea urchin.
2011,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Yajima,
Study of larval and adult skeletogenic cells in developing sea urchin larvae.
2006,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Yajima,
ISWI contributes to ArsI insulator function in development of the sea urchin.
2012,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Yajima,
A switch in the cellular basis of skeletogenesis in late-stage sea urchin larvae.
2007,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Yajima,
The multiple hats of Vasa: its functions in the germline and in cell cycle progression.
2011,
Pubmed
Yajima,
Small micromeres contribute to the germline in the sea urchin.
2011,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Yajima,
Evolutionary modification of mesenchyme cells in sand dollars in the transition from indirect to direct development.
2007,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Yoon,
Zebrafish vasa homologue RNA is localized to the cleavage planes of 2- and 4-cell-stage embryos and is expressed in the primordial germ cells.
1997,
Pubmed
Yoshida-Noro,
Stem cell system in asexual and sexual reproduction of Enchytraeus japonensis (Oligochaeta, Annelida).
2010,
Pubmed
