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Mar Drugs
2020 Nov 24;1812:. doi: 10.3390/md18120584.
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Asterosaponins: Structures, Taxonomic Distribution, Biogenesis and Biological Activities.
Stonik VA
,
Kicha AA
,
Malyarenko TV
,
Ivanchina NV
.
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Asterosaponins are a class of steroid oligoglycosides isolated from starfish with characteristic structures and diverse biological activities. In this review, we have attempted to combine the most important data concerning asterosaponins and give a list of these secondary metabolites with their structural peculiarities. The purpose of this review is to provide a brief but as complete as possible principal information about their chemical structures, taxonomic distribution in the marine environment, distribution in different geographical areas and depths, some properties, biological activities, and functions. Some other rare steroid metabolites from starfish, closely related in structures and probably biogenesis to asterosaponins, are also discussed.
13.1902.21.0012 (075-15-2020-796). Grant of the Ministry of Science and Education, Russian Federation, 20-03-00014 Russian Foundation for Basic Research
Figure 2. Side chains of aglycons and sugar units asterosaponins.
Figure 3. Chemical transformation of native aglycons from some asterosaponin in conditions of acid hydrolysis.
Figure 4. Main types of architecture of carbohydrate chains of asterosaponins.
Figure 5. Structures of pentaregulosides B and C from the starfish Pentaceraster regulus.
Figure 6. Structures of non-classical asterosaponins with one monosaccharide residue in carbohydrate chains from the starfish Culcita novaeguineae. (A) Novaeguinoside A (144) * [37]; (B) Novaeguinoside B (145) [37]; (C) Without name (146) [38]. * Two different glycosides are given in the literature under this name.
Figure 7. Structures of downeyosides A–L from the starfish Henricia downeyae.
Figure 8. Structures of disulfates and tremasterols A-C from the starfish Tremaster novaecaledoniae.
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