Click
here to close Hello! We notice that
you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Echinobase
and may cause the site to display incorrectly. We suggest using a
current version of Chrome,
FireFox,
or Safari.
Proc Biol Sci
2011 Nov 22;2781723:3371-9. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2011.0336.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
Sea urchin tube feet are photosensory organs that express a rhabdomeric-like opsin and PAX6.
Lesser MP
,
Carleton KL
,
Böttger SA
,
Barry TM
,
Walker CW
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
All echinoderms have unique hydraulic structures called tube feet, known for their roles in light sensitivity, respiration, chemoreception and locomotion. In the green sea urchin, the most distal portion of these tube feet contain five ossicles arranged as a light collector with its concave surface facing towards the ambient light. These ossicles are perforated and lined with pigment cells that express a PAX6 protein that is universally involved in the development of eyes and sensory organs in other bilaterians. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based sequencing and real time quantitative PCR (qPCR) also demonstrate the presence and differential expression of a rhabdomeric-like opsin within these tube feet. Morphologically, nerves that could serve to transmit information to the test innervate the tube feet, and the differential expression of opsin transcripts in the tube feet is inversely, and significantly, related to the amount of light that tube feet are exposed to depending on their location on the test. The expression of these genes, the differential expression of opsin based on light exposure and the unique morphological features at the distal portion of the tube foot strongly support the hypothesis that in addition to previously identified functional roles of tube feet they are also photosensory organs that detect and respond to changes in the underwater light field.
Abascal,
ProtTest: selection of best-fit models of protein evolution.
2005, Pubmed
Abascal,
ProtTest: selection of best-fit models of protein evolution.
2005,
Pubmed
Aizenberg,
Calcitic microlenses as part of the photoreceptor system in brittlestars.
2001,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Arendt,
Evolution of eyes and photoreceptor cell types.
2003,
Pubmed
Arendt,
Ciliary photoreceptors with a vertebrate-type opsin in an invertebrate brain.
2004,
Pubmed
Arnheiter,
Evolutionary biology. Eyes viewed from the skin.
1998,
Pubmed
Burke,
A genomic view of the sea urchin nervous system.
2006,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Callaerts,
Isolation and expression of a Pax-6 gene in the regenerating and intact Planarian Dugesia(G)tigrina.
1999,
Pubmed
Crawford,
TEM and SEM methods.
2004,
Pubmed
Czerny,
DNA-binding and transactivation properties of Pax-6: three amino acids in the paired domain are responsible for the different sequence recognition of Pax-6 and BSAP (Pax-5).
1995,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Ebnet,
Volvoxrhodopsin, a light-regulated sensory photoreceptor of the spheroidal green alga Volvox carteri.
1999,
Pubmed
Florey,
Cholinergic motor control of sea urchin tube feet: evidence for chemical transmission without synapses.
1980,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Florey,
Ultrastructure of sea urchin tube feet. Evidence for connective tissue involvement in motor control.
1977,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Foster,
Extraretinal photoreceptors and their regulation of temporal physiology.
1998,
Pubmed
Foster,
Neurobiology: bright blue times.
2005,
Pubmed
Gehring,
Pax 6: mastering eye morphogenesis and eye evolution.
1999,
Pubmed
Halder,
Induction of ectopic eyes by targeted expression of the eyeless gene in Drosophila.
1995,
Pubmed
Johnsen,
Identification and localization of a possible rhodopsin in the echinoderms Asterias forbesi (Asteroidea) and Ophioderma brevispinum (Ophiuroidea).
1997,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Karnik,
Cysteine residues 110 and 187 are essential for the formation of correct structure in bovine rhodopsin.
1988,
Pubmed
Katoh,
MAFFT: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform.
2002,
Pubmed
Kojima,
A novel Go-mediated phototransduction cascade in scallop visual cells.
1997,
Pubmed
Kyte,
A simple method for displaying the hydropathic character of a protein.
1982,
Pubmed
Moutsaki,
Sequence, genomic structure and tissue expression of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) vertebrate ancient (VA) opsin.
2000,
Pubmed
Nathans,
Isolation, sequence analysis, and intron-exon arrangement of the gene encoding bovine rhodopsin.
1983,
Pubmed
Ooka,
Spatiotemporal expression pattern of an encephalopsin orthologue of the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus during early development, and its potential role in larval vertical migration.
2010,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Panda,
Illumination of the melanopsin signaling pathway.
2005,
Pubmed
Qiu,
Induction of photosensitivity by heterologous expression of melanopsin.
2005,
Pubmed
Raible,
Opsins and clusters of sensory G-protein-coupled receptors in the sea urchin genome.
2006,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Santos,
Adhesion of echinoderm tube feet to rough surfaces.
2005,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Sheng,
Direct regulation of rhodopsin 1 by Pax-6/eyeless in Drosophila: evidence for a conserved function in photoreceptors.
1997,
Pubmed
Shichida,
Evolution of opsins and phototransduction.
2009,
Pubmed
Thompson,
The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools.
1997,
Pubmed
Tomarev,
Squid Pax-6 and eye development.
1997,
Pubmed
Walker,
Nutritive phagocyte incubation chambers provide a structural and nutritive microenvironment for germ cells of Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, the green sea urchin.
2005,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Wang,
Site of attachment of 11-cis-retinal in bovine rhodopsin.
1980,
Pubmed
Whelan,
A general empirical model of protein evolution derived from multiple protein families using a maximum-likelihood approach.
2001,
Pubmed
Yerramilli,
Spatial vision in the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Echinoidea).
2010,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase