Click
here to close Hello! We notice that
you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Echinobase
and may cause the site to display incorrectly. We suggest using a
current version of Chrome,
FireFox,
or Safari.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
2012 Oct 30;10944:18192-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1209174109.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
Acidified seawater impacts sea urchin larvae pH regulatory systems relevant for calcification.
Stumpp M
,
Hu MY
,
Melzner F
,
Gutowska MA
,
Dorey N
,
Himmerkus N
,
Holtmann WC
,
Dupont ST
,
Thorndyke MC
,
Bleich M
.
Abstract
Calcifying echinoid larvae respond to changes in seawater carbonate chemistry with reduced growth and developmental delay. To date, no information exists on how ocean acidification acts on pH homeostasis in echinoderm larvae. Understanding acid-base regulatory capacities is important because intracellular formation and maintenance of the calcium carbonate skeleton is dependent on pH homeostasis. Using H(+)-selective microelectrodes and the pH-sensitive fluorescent dye BCECF, we conducted in vivo measurements of extracellular and intracellular pH (pH(e) and pH(i)) in echinoderm larvae. We exposed pluteus larvae to a range of seawater CO(2) conditions and demonstrated that the extracellular compartment surrounding the calcifying primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) conforms to the surrounding seawater with respect to pH during exposure to elevated seawater pCO(2). Using FITC dextran conjugates, we demonstrate that sea urchin larvae have a leaky integument. PMCs and spicules are therefore directly exposed to strong changes in pH(e) whenever seawater pH changes. However, measurements of pH(i) demonstrated that PMCs are able to fully compensate an induced intracellular acidosis. This was highly dependent on Na(+) and HCO(3)(-), suggesting a bicarbonate buffer mechanism involving secondary active Na(+)-dependent membrane transport proteins. We suggest that, under ocean acidification, maintained pH(i) enables calcification to proceed despite decreased pH(e). However, this probably causes enhanced costs. Increased costs for calcification or cellular homeostasis can be one of the main factors leading to modifications in energy partitioning, which then impacts growth and, ultimately, results in increased mortality of echinoid larvae during the pelagic life stage.
Aickin,
Micro-electrode measurement of the internal pH of crab muscle fibres.
1975, Pubmed
Aickin,
Micro-electrode measurement of the internal pH of crab muscle fibres.
1975,
Pubmed
Allen,
Size-specific predation on marine invertebrate larvae.
2008,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Bleich,
Effect of NH4+/NH3 on cytosolic pH and the K+ channels of freshly isolated cells from the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop.
1995,
Pubmed
Boron,
Intracellular pH transients in squid giant axons caused by CO2, NH3, and metabolic inhibitors.
1976,
Pubmed
Boron,
Regulation of intracellular pH.
2004,
Pubmed
Boron,
Transport of H+ and of ionic weak acids and bases.
1983,
Pubmed
Burton,
Intracellular buffering.
1978,
Pubmed
Decker,
Characterization of sea urchin primary mesenchyme cells and spicules during biomineralization in vitro.
1987,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Dupont,
Impact of near-future ocean acidification on echinoderms.
2010,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Ettensohn,
Cell interactions in the sea urchin embryo studied by fluorescence photoablation.
1990,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Evans,
The multifunctional fish gill: dominant site of gas exchange, osmoregulation, acid-base regulation, and excretion of nitrogenous waste.
2005,
Pubmed
Graber,
Intracellular pH in the OK cell. I. Identification of H+ conductance and observations on buffering capacity.
1991,
Pubmed
Grainger,
Intracellular pH controls protein synthesis rate in the sea urchine egg and early embryo.
1979,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Harada,
Regulation of intracellular pH by p90Rsk-dependent activation of an Na(+)/H(+) exchanger in starfish oocytes.
2010,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Harkey,
Isolation, culture, and differentiation of echinoid primary mesenchyme cells.
1980,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Hasselblatt,
pH regulation in isolated in vitro perfused rat colonic crypts.
2000,
Pubmed
Henriksen,
Osteoclast activity and subtypes as a function of physiology and pathology--implications for future treatments of osteoporosis.
2011,
Pubmed
Hu,
Elevated seawater PCO₂ differentially affects branchial acid-base transporters over the course of development in the cephalopod Sepia officinalis.
2011,
Pubmed
Hwang,
Studies on the cellular pathway involved in assembly of the embryonic sea urchin spicule.
1993,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Jayantha Gunaratne,
Sequence, annotation and developmental expression of the sea urchin Ca(2+) -ATPase family.
2007,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Johnson,
Intracellular pH of sea urchin eggs measured by the dimethyloxazolidinedione (DMO) method.
1981,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Johnson,
Intracellular pH and activation of sea urchin eggs after fertilisation.
1976,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
LANGE,
THE OSMOTIC ADJUSTMENT IN THE ECHINODERM, STRONGYLOCEROTUS DROEBACHIENSIS.
1964,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Leong,
Metabolic importance of Na+/K+-ATPase activity during sea urchin development.
1997,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Malinda,
Four-dimensional microscopic analysis of the filopodial behavior of primary mesenchyme cells during gastrulation in the sea urchin embryo.
1995,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Martin,
Early development and molecular plasticity in the Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus exposed to CO2-driven acidification.
2011,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Miller,
Dynamics of thin filopodia during sea urchin gastrulation.
1995,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Moody,
The ionic mechanism of intracellular pH regulation in crayfish neurones.
1981,
Pubmed
Piermarini,
Cloning and characterization of an electrogenic Na/HCO3- cotransporter from the squid giant fiber lobe.
2007,
Pubmed
Politi,
Sea urchin spine calcite forms via a transient amorphous calcium carbonate phase.
2004,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Politi,
Transformation mechanism of amorphous calcium carbonate into calcite in the sea urchin larval spicule.
2008,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Pörtner,
Determination of intracellular buffer values after metabolic inhibition by fluoride and nitrilotriacetic acid.
1990,
Pubmed
Rees,
Protein synthesis increases after fertilization of sea urchin eggs in the absence of an increase in intracellular pH.
1995,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Romero,
The SLC4 family of HCO 3 - transporters.
2004,
Pubmed
Röttinger,
FGF signals guide migration of mesenchymal cells, control skeletal morphogenesis [corrected] and regulate gastrulation during sea urchin development.
2008,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Shen,
K+ activity and regulation of intracellular pH in the sea urchin egg during fertilization.
1989,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Stumpp,
CO2 induced seawater acidification impacts sea urchin larval development II: gene expression patterns in pluteus larvae.
2011,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Stumpp,
CO2 induced seawater acidification impacts sea urchin larval development I: elevated metabolic rates decrease scope for growth and induce developmental delay.
2011,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Suffrian,
Cellular pH measurements in Emiliania huxleyi reveal pronounced membrane proton permeability.
2011,
Pubmed
Thomas,
The effect of carbon dioxide on the intracellular pH and buffering power of snail neurones.
1976,
Pubmed
Venn,
Imaging intracellular pH in a reef coral and symbiotic anemone.
2009,
Pubmed
Virkki,
Cloning of a Na+-driven Cl/HCO3 exchanger from squid giant fiber lobe.
2003,
Pubmed
Wilt,
Biomineralization of the spicules of sea urchin embryos.
2002,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Zhu,
A large-scale analysis of mRNAs expressed by primary mesenchyme cells of the sea urchin embryo.
2001,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase