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PeerJ
2022 Oct 06;10:e13298. doi: 10.7717/peerj.13298.
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Exposure of adult sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius to stranded heavy fuel oil causes developmental toxicity on larval offspring.
Wang X
,
Li X
,
Xiong D
,
Ren H
,
Chen H
,
Ju Z
.
Abstract
Heavy fuel oil (HFO) spills pose serious threat to coastlines and sensitive resources. Stranded HFO that occurs along the coastline could cause long-term and massive damage to the marine environment and indirectly affect the survival of parental marine invertebrates. However, our understanding of the complex associations within invertebrates is primarily limited, particularly in terms of the toxicity effects on the offspring when parents are exposed to stranded HFO. Here, we investigated the persistent effects on the early development stage of the offspring following stranded HFO exposure on the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. After 21 d exposure, sea urchins exhibited a significant decrease in the reproductive capacity; while the reactive oxygen species level, 3-nitrotyrosine protein level, protein carbonyl level, and heat shock proteins 70 expression in the gonadal tissues and gametes significantly increased as compared to the controls, indicating that HFO exposure could cause development toxicity on offspring in most traits of larval size. These results suggested that the stranded HFO exposure could increase oxidative stress of gonadal tissues, impair reproductive functions in parental sea urchins, and subsequently impact on development of their offspring. This study provides valuable information regarding the persistent toxicity effects on the offspring following stranded HFO exposure on sea urchins.
Figure 1. Schematic set-up of the experimental design.Sperm and eggs indicate that the gametes from either the control sea urchins or HFO exposure sea urchins. For the experimental design, there are four types of offspring: CMCF refers to control male crossed with control female, CMSF refers to control male crossed with exposed female, SMSF refers to exposed male crossed with exposed female, SMCF refers to exposed male crossed with control female.
Figure 2. Conceptual diagrams showing 5 dpf larval size measurements.Lowercase letters a, b, c, d, e, f indicates larval length, larval width, stomach length, stomach width, post-oral arm length and body rod length, respectively. The size of normal larvae was measured as 446.88 ± 37.67 μm (a), 211.02 ± 34.99 μm (b), 78.36 ± 11.43 μm (c), 72.71 ± 8.45 μm (d), 94.65 ± 15.55 μm (e) and 352.23 ± 41.04 μm (f), respectively.
Figure 3. Effects of 21 d HFO exposure on gametes spawning (A) and fecundity (B) (mean ± SD).Different lowercase letters mean significant differences between treatments (p < 0.05).
Figure 4. Effect of 21 d HFO exposure on ROS level (A), 3-Nitrotyrosine level (B), protein carbonyls level (C) and HSP70 expression (D) in sea urchin gonadal tissues (mean ± SD).Different lowercase letters mean significant differences between treatments (p < 0.05). An asterisk (*) indicates significant differences between testes and ovaries (p < 0.05).
Figure 5. Effects of 21 d HFO exposure on ROS level (A), 3-Nitrotyrosine level (B), protein carbonyls level (C) and HSP70 expression (D) in sea urchin gametes (mean ± SD).Different lowercase letters mean significant differences between treatments (p < 0.05). An asterisk (*) indicates significant differences between sperm and eggs (p < 0.05).
Figure 6. (A–F) Larval size of sea urchin on 5 dpf, whose parent exposed to long-term HFO or not (mean ± SD).The embryos were produced with four types of parental crosses: CMCF (control male + control female), SMCF (exposed male + control female), CMSF (control male + exposed female) and SMSF (exposed male + exposed female). Lowercase letters above the bars indicated significant difference among experimental groups (p < 0.05).
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