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PLoS One
2012 Jan 01;79:e45067. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045067.
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Natural or naturalized? Phylogeography suggests that the abundant sea urchin Arbacia lixula is a recent colonizer of the Mediterranean.
Wangensteen OS
,
Turon X
,
Pérez-Portela R
,
Palacín C
.
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We present the global phylogeography of the black sea urchin Arbacia lixula, an amphi-Atlantic echinoid with potential to strongly impact shallow rocky ecosystems. Sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase gene of 604 specimens from 24 localities were obtained, covering most of the distribution area of the species, including the Mediterranean and both shores of the Atlantic. Genetic diversity measures, phylogeographic patterns, demographic parameters and population differentiation were analysed. We found high haplotype diversity but relatively low nucleotide diversity, with 176 haplotypes grouped within three haplogroups: one is shared between Eastern Atlantic (including Mediterranean) and Brazilian populations, the second is found in Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean and the third is exclusively from Brazil. Significant genetic differentiation was found between Brazilian, Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean regions, but no differentiation was found among Mediterranean sub-basins or among Eastern Atlantic sub-regions. The star-shaped topology of the haplotype network and the unimodal mismatch distributions of Mediterranean and Eastern Atlantic samples suggest that these populations have suffered very recent demographic expansions. These expansions could be dated 94-205 kya in the Mediterranean, and 31-67 kya in the Eastern Atlantic. In contrast, Brazilian populations did not show any signature of population expansion. Our results indicate that all populations of A. lixula constitute a single species. The Brazilian populations probably diverged from an Eastern Atlantic stock. The present-day genetic structure of the species in Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean is shaped by very recent demographic processes. Our results support the view (backed by the lack of fossil record) that A. lixula is a recent thermophilous colonizer which spread throughout the Mediterranean during a warm period of the Pleistocene, probably during the last interglacial. Implications for the possible future impact of A. lixula on shallow Mediterranean ecosystems in the context of global warming trends must be considered.
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23028765
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Figure 1. Sampling localities for Arbacia lixula populations.See Table 1 for locality names and coordinates. Borders between regions are indicated by solid bold lines and borders between sub-regions are represented by dotted lines. Pie charts of haplogroup frequencies are shown for the six sub-regions in which the three studied regions have been subdivided.
Figure 2. Median-joining haplotype network for Arbacia lixula COI.Haplotype numbers are preceded by a letter indicating the haplogroup they belong, A, B or C. Each haplotype is depicted by a circle coloured after the sub-region where it has been sampled. Areas are proportional to haplotype frequency. Each line represents a single nucleotide substitution step and additional mutations are represented by black bullets. The four haplotypes occupying central positions in each haplogroup, A2, A17, B6 and C1 are labelled in bigger font size.
Figure 3. Bayesian inference consensus tree for haplotypes of Arbacia lixula COI.The tree is rooted using Strongylocentrotus purpuratus as outgroup (not shown); values for posterior probabilities >0.5, supporting non-collapsed clades, are indicated.
Figure 4. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) for F
st differentiation of Arbacia lixula COI haplotypes.Filled squares (▪) represent Brazilian populations, whereas filled circles (•) represent Eastern Atlantic populations and open circles (○) correspond to Mediterranean populations.
Figure 5. Relationships between genetic and geographic distances for different datasets of Arbacia lixula populations.Results of the Mantel test for isolation by distance are indicated.
Figure 6. Mismatch distributions of Arbacia lixula populations in the three studied regions.Observed data and theoretical expected distributions are represented by discontinuous and solid lines, respectively. For Brazil (A), the theoretical expected distribution shown is that of a population of constant size. In the case of the East Atlantic (B) and the Mediterranean (C), data were fitted to a sudden expansion model.
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