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Contrasted phylogeographic patterns on mitochondrial DNA of shallow and deep brittle stars across the Atlantic-Mediterranean area.
Taboada S
,
Pérez-Portela R
.
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Previous studies on Ophiothrix in European waters demonstrated the existence of two distinct species, Ophiothrix fragilis and Ophiothrix sp. II. Using phylogenetic and species delimitation techniques based on two mitochondrial genes (cytochrome c oxidase I and 16S rRNA) we prove the existence of a new congeneric species (Ophiothrix sp. III), occurring in the deep Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula and the Alboran Sea. We compared phylogeographic patterns of these three Ophiothrix species to test whether closely related species are differentially affected by past demographic events and current oceanographic barriers. We used 432 sequences (137 of O. fragilis, 215 of Ophiothrix sp. II, and 80 of Ophiothrix sp. III) of the 16S rRNA from 23 Atlantic-Mediterranean locations for the analyses. We observed different geographic and bathymetric distributions, and contrasted phylogeography among species. Ophiothrix fragilis appeared genetically isolated between the Atlantic and Mediterranean basins, attributed to past vicariance during Pleistocene glaciations and a secondary contact associated to demographic expansion. This contrasts with the panmixia observed in Ophiothrix sp. II across the Atlantic-Mediterranean area. Results were not conclusive for Ophiothrix sp. III due to the lack of a more complete sampling within the Mediterranean Sea.
Figure 1. (A) Map of the Atlantic-Mediterranean area showing the locations where samples of Ophiothrix fragilis, Ophiothrix sp. II, and Ophiothrix sp. III were collected. See Table 1 for further details about locations. Circles represent the 16S haplotype diversity within each location and their size is proportional to the number of individuals per site. Partitions inside the circles represent the relative proportion of each haplotype within each location. The dashed-grey line represents the Almeria-Oran Front (AOF). See Fig. 2 for details about haplotypes for each species. (B) MDS representation of the ФST values at each location for each of the three species. Figures were created with the free software QGIS (http://qgis.osgeo.org/es/site/), and edited in Adobe Illustrator CS5.1 (http://www.adobe.com) for this study.
Figure 2. (A) Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree of the most frequent haplotypes of three species of Ophiothrix resulting from the 16S marker. Only bootstrap support values >40 are indicated in the main nodes. (B) Haplotype network for the three Ophiothrix species based on the complete 16S alignment. Circles are proportional to the number of individuals per haplotype. Grey dots correspond to mutational steps.
Figure 3. Results of migration analyses between the Atlantic and Mediterranean basins in Ophiothrix fragilis based on 16S sequences.The two graphs represented the final results of LAMARC for 5 different replicates (left graph: Migration from the Atlantic basin to the Mediterranean basin; and right graph: Migration from the Mediterranean basin to the Atlantic basin).
Figure 4. Demographic analyses of the three Ophiothrix species based on Bayesian Skyline plots of the 16S marker.Time is measured in million years (Mya). Black lines illustrate mean size estimations, and colour shadows show 95% confidence interval.
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