Dev Growth Differ 2010 Dec 01;529:735-46. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-169X.2010.01210.x.

Asymmetric inhibition of spicule formation in sea urchin embryos with low concentrations of gadolinium ion.

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As gastrulation proceeds during sea urchin embryogenesis, primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) fuse to form syncytial cables, within which calcium is deposited as CaCO₃, and a pair of spicules is formed. Earlier studies suggested that calcium, previously sequestered by primary mesenchyme cells, is secreted and incorporated into growing spicules. We examined the effects of gadolinium ion (Gd(3+)), a Ca(2+) channel blocker, on spicule formation. Gd(3+) did not lead to a retardation of embryogenesis prior to the initiation of gastrulation and did not inhibit the ingression of PMCs from the blastula wall or their migration along the inner blastocoel surface. However, when embryos were raised in seawater containing submicromolar to a few micromolar Gd(3+), of which levels are considered to be insufficient to block Ca(2+) channels, a pair of triradiate spicules was formed asymmetrically. At 1-3 μmol/L Gd(3+), many embryos formed only one spicule on either the left or right side, or embryos formed a very small second spicule. Induction of the spicule abnormality required the presence of Gd(3+) specifically during late blastula stage prior to spicule formation. An accumulation or adsorption of Gd(3+) was not detected anywhere in the embryos by X-ray microanalysis, which suggests that Ca(2+) channels were not inhibited. These results suggest that Gd(3+) exerts an inhibitory effect on spicule formation through a mechanism that does not involve inhibition of Ca(2+) channels.

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Genes referenced: LOC100887844 LOC593824