Odekunle EA , Elphick MR .

BB/M001644/1 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council

Figure 1. Phylogenetic tree showing relationships of selected bilaterian phyla and sub-phyla discussed in this review. The Bilateria comprise two main clades: The protostomes, which include ecdysozoan phyla—Arthropoda (e.g., locust Locusta migratoria and fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster) and Nematoda (e.g., Caenorhabditis elegans)—and spiralian phyla—Mollusca (e.g., pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis and sea slug Aplysia californica) and Annelida (e.g., earthworm Eisenia fetida and ragworm Platynereis dumerilii). The deuterostomes, which include three chordate sub-phyla—Vertebrata (e.g., Homo sapiens), Urochordata (e.g., sea-squirt Ciona intestinalis) and Cephalochordata (e.g., lancelet Branchiostoma floridae)—and the xenambulacrarian phyla—Hemichordata (e.g., acorn worm Saccoglossus kowalevskii), Echinodermata (e.g., starfish Asterias rubens), and Xenacoelomorpha (e.g., Xenoturbella bocki). The branch lengths in the tree are arbitrary.

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