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Sci Rep
2019 Jun 19;91:8776. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45426-2.
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Morphometric signals of population decline in diademed sifakas occupying degraded rainforest habitat in Madagascar.
Irwin MT
,
Samonds KE
,
Raharison JL
,
Junge RE
,
Mahefarisoa KL
,
Rasambainarivo F
,
Godfrey LR
,
Glander KE
.
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Anthropogenic habitat change can have varied impacts on primates, including both negative and positive outcomes. Even when behavioural shifts are seen, they may reflect decreased health, or simply behavioural flexibility; understanding this distinction is important for conservation efforts. This study examines habitat-related variation in adult and immature morphometrics among diademed sifakas (Propithecus diadema). We collected morphometric data from sifakas at Tsinjoarivo, Madagascar (19 years, 188 captures, 113 individuals). Captures spanned 12 groups, five within continuous forest ("CONT"), and seven in degraded fragments ("FRAG") where sifakas have lower nutritional intakes. Few consistent differences were found between CONT and FRAG groups. However, using home range quality as a covariate rather than a CONT/FRAG dichotomy revealed a threshold: the two FRAG groups in the lowest-quality habitat showed low adult mass and condition (wasting), and low immature mass and length (stunting). Though less-disturbed fragments apparently provide viable habitat, we suggest the sifakas in the most challenging habitats cannot evolve fast enough to keep up with such rapid habitat change. We suggest other long-lived organisms will show similar morphometric "warning signs" (wasting in adults, stunting in immatures); selected morphometric variables can thus be useful at gauging vulnerability of populations in the face of anthropogenic change.
Figure 1. Adult body mass, body length and body condition index as a function of home range quality index for Propithecus diadema at Tsinjoarivo, Madagascar. Data from lean season captures only and using individual averages for repeatedly captured individuals; plotted points show mean ± SE; dashed horizontal lines indicate sample-wide means for lean season captures (4982 g mass, 1004 mm body length,17.014 BCI), sample size: CONT1: 5, CONT2: 4, CONT4: 4, CONT5: 3, FRAG1: 1 FRAG2: 2, FRAG3: 2, FRAG4: 2, FRAG5: 3, FRAG6: 3.
Figure 2. Growth of Propithecus diadema immatures in continuous and fragmented forest at Tsinjoarivo for eight morphometric variables, with site-specific linear models and 95% confidence intervals.
Figure 3. Immatures’ body mass residual (body mass at capture minus body mass predicted from age), body length residual and BCI residual as a function of home range quality index for Propithecus diadema at Tsinjoarivo, Madagascar. Data from all seasons and using individual averages for repeatedly captured individuals; plotted points show mean ± SE; dashed horizontal lines indicate a zero residual (i.e. “typical” value for age across the sample); sample size: CONT1: 15–16, CONT2: 7, CONT4: 11, FRAG1: 2, FRAG2: 6, FRAG4: 10, FRAG5: 4, FRAG6: 4.
Figure 4. Location of Propithecus diadema study groups at Tsinjoarivo; green shows forest cover and hatched areas indicate approximate home range locations.
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