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Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
2021 Aug 01;2831:42891-42900. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-13712-0.
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Comparative toxicity of ionic and nanoparticulate zinc in the species Cymodoce truncata, Gammarus aequicauda and Paracentrotus lividus.
Prato E
,
Fabbrocini A
,
Libralato G
,
Migliore L
,
Parlapiano I
,
D'Adamo R
,
Rotini A
,
Manfra L
,
Lofrano G
,
Carraturo F
,
Trifuoggi M
,
Biandolino F
.
Abstract
Due to the continuous development, production and consumption of nanoparticles (NPs), their release, fate and effects in marine coastal environment can represent a major concern. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and compare it to bulk ZnSO4 on three macroinvertebrates: the isopod Cymodoce truncata (i.e. used for the first time in ecotoxicology), the amphipod Gammarus aequicauda and the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. This study showed concentration- and time-dependent relationships for all biological models for both ZnO NPs and ZnSO4. Both Zn forms elicited high toxicity to G. aequicauda and C. truncata juveniles, but ZnO NPs induced comparable responses to both species (96h-LC50 = 0.30 and 0.37 mg/L for G. aequicauda and C. truncata, respectively; p > 0.05), while differences were found after ZnSO4 exposure (96h-LC50 = 0.28 and 0.63 mg/L, respectively; p < 0.05). ZnO NPs generated sub-lethal effects on P. lividus embryos (72h-EC50 = 0.04 (0.03, 0.05) mg/L), not significantly different from ZnSO4 ones (72h-EC50 = 0.06 (0.05, 0.07) mg/L). Effects of ZnO NPs were similar to existing literature data for other testing species. C. truncata can be considered as a promising new biological model in (nano)ecotoxicology.
Fig. 1. Relationship between concentration and mortality in C. truncata (a and b) and G. aequicauda (c and d) exposed to ZnO NPs or ZnSO4 for 24 to 96 h (as mean mortality values ± standard deviation; n = 9 per species and per Zn form; post hoc Tukey’s test results in Table S1, Supplemental Material); data were normalized to negative controls
Fig. 2. Percentage of effects (mean ± standard deviation; n = 3) on a multi-endpoint basis (normal developed plutei larvae (NPL), total motile sperm (TM), rapid sperm (RAP), curvilinear velocity (VCL), lateral head displacement (ALH) and beat-cross frequency (BCF)) in P. lividus sperm cells and embryos exposed to ZnO NPs and ZnSO4. Data with different letters (a–d) are significantly different (Tukey’s test, p < 0.05); data were normalized to negative controls
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