Pomin VH , Mourão PA .

Figure 1. Structural representation of the repetitive oligomeric units of the SFs (A–I) and SGs (J–O, inside the box) of well-defined chemical structures isolated from cell wall of sea cucumbers (A), from egg jelly coat of sea urchins (B–K), from tunic of ascidians (L,M), and from cell wall of red algae (N,O). Modified with permission from Pomin (2012b). These MSP are composed of α-L-fucopyranoses (α-l-Fucp) (A–I), α-L-galactopyranoses (α-L-Galp) (I, M-O), or β-D-galactopyranosyl units (β-D-Galp) (K,N,O). The species-specific structures vary in sulfation patterns (exclusively 2-O- and/or 4-O-, or 3-O-positions), in glycosidic linkages: α(1→3) (A–C,E,F,H–K), α(1→4) (D,G,L,M), β (1→3) (K), or alternating β (1→4) and α(1→3) (N,O); and in number of composing residues of the repetitive units: tetrasaccharides (A–D), trisaccharides (F), disaccharides (K,N,O), or monosaccharides (E,G–J,L), all in linear chains, except (M). The sulfation groups are highlighted by red dashed ellipses or rectangle when just percentage can be estimated. The structures are the following: (A) Ludwgothurea grisea [→3)-α-L-Fucp-2,4(OSO3−)-(1→3)-α-L-Fucp-(1→3)-α-L-Fucp-2(OSO3−)-(1→3)-α-L-Fucp-2(OSO3−)-(1→]n (Mulloy et al., 1994); (B) Lytechinus variegates I [→3)-α-L-Fucp-2,4(OSO3−)-(1→3)-α-L-Fucp-2(OSO3−)-(1→3)-α-L-Fucp-2(OSO3−)-(1→3)-α-L-Fucp-4(OSO3−)-(1→]n (Mulloy et al., 1994); (C) Strongylocentrotus pallidus [→3)-α-L-Fucp-4(OSO3−)-(1→3)-α-L-Fucp-4(OSO3−)-(1→3)-α-L-Fucp-2(OSO3−)-(1→3)-α-L-Fucp-2(OSO3−)-(1→]n (Vilela-Silva et al., 2002); (D) Arbacia lixula [→4)-α-L-Fucp-2(OSO3−)-(1→4)-α-L-Fucp-2(OSO3−)-(1→4)-α-L-Fucp-(1→4)-α-L-Fucp-(1→]n (Alves et al., 1997); (E) Strongylocentrotus purpuratus I ~80% [→3)-α-L-Fucp-2,4(OSO3−)-(1→]n and ~20% [→3)-α-L-Fucp-2(OSO3−)-(1→]n (Alves, Mulloy, Moy, Vacquier and Mourão, 1998) and (F) S. purpuratus II [→3)-α-L-Fucp-2,4(OSO3−)-(1→3)-α-L-Fucp-4(OSO3−)-(1→3)-α-L-Fucp-4(OSO3−)-(1→]n (Alves, Mulloy, Moy, Vacquier and Mourão, 1998);(G) Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis [→4)-α-L-Fucp-2(OSO3−)-(1→]n (Vilela-Silva et al., 2002); (H) Strongylocentrotus franciscanus [3)-α-L-Fucp-2(OSO3−)-(1→]n (Vilela-Silva et al., 1999); (I) L. varieagtus II [3)-α-L-Fucp-4(OSO3−)-(1→]n (Cinelli et al., 2007); (J) Echinometra lucunter [→3-α-L-Galp-2(OSO3−)-1→]n (Alves et al., 1997); (K) Glyptocidaris crenularis [→3-β-L-Galp-2(OSO3−)-1→3-β-L-Galp-1→]n (Castro et al., 2009); (L) Herdmania monus [→4)-α-L-Galp-3(SO3−)-(1→]n (Santos et al., 1992); (M) Styela plicata {→4)-α-L-Galp-2[→1)- α-L-Galp-3(OSO3−)]-3(OSO3−)-(1→}n (Mourão and Perlin, 1987); (N,O) both Botriocladia occidentalis and Gelidium crinale express structures of [3-β-D-Galp-1→4-α-Gal-1→]n with different sulfation contents (Farias et al., 2000; Pereira et al., 2005b).

Figure 2. Structural representation of the holothurian FucCS. The monosaccharides are indicated by rectangles. They are α-l-fucopyranose (l-Fucp), β-d-glucuronic acid (d-GlcA), and N-acetyl β-d-galactosamine (d-GalNAc). The glycosidic linkage types are indicated in ellipses. Modified with permission from Pomin (2014a).

Alves, Sulfated polysaccharides from the egg jelly layer are species-specific inducers of acrosomal reaction in sperms of sea urchins. 1997, Pubmed, Echinobase

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