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Int J Environ Res Public Health
2017 May 26;146:. doi: 10.3390/ijerph14060563.
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Measuring Blue Space Visibility and ''Blue Recreation'' in the Everyday Lives of Children in a Capital City.
Pearson AL
,
Bottomley R
,
Chambers T
,
Thornton L
,
Stanley J
,
Smith M
,
Barr M
,
Signal L
.
Abstract
Blue spaces (water bodies) may promote positive mental and physical health through opportunities for relaxation, recreation, and social connections. However, we know little about the nature and extent of everyday exposure to blue spaces, particularly in settings outside the home or among children, nor whether exposure varies by individual or household characteristics. Wearable cameras offer a novel, reliable method for blue space exposure measurement. In this study, we used images from cameras worn over two days by 166 children in Wellington, New Zealand, and conducted content and blue space quantification analysis on each image (n = 749,389). Blue space was identified in 24,721 images (3.6%), with a total of 23 blue recreation events. Visual exposure and participation in blue recreation did not differ by ethnicity, weight status, household deprivation, or residential proximity to the coastline. Significant differences in both visual exposure to blue space and participation in blue recreation were observed, whereby children from the most deprived schools had significantly higher rates of blue space exposure than children from low deprivation schools. Schools may be important settings to promote equitable blue space exposures. Childhood exposures to blue space may not follow the expected income inequality trends observed among adults.
Figure 1. Map of study area, participantsâ jittered home locations and blue spaces in Wellington, New Zealand.
Figure 2. Example images for blue space exposures (A) blue recreationâswimming, (B) walking, (C) at home, (D) at school, (E) when alone, (F) with a peer companion, (G) in transit, and (H) blue recreationâbiking.
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