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Population genomics meet Lagrangian simulations: Oceanographic patterns and long larval duration ensure connectivity among Paracentrotus lividus populations in the Adriatic and Ionian seas.
Paterno M
,
Schiavina M
,
Aglieri G
,
Ben Souissi J
,
Boscari E
,
Casagrandi R
,
Chassanite A
,
Chiantore M
,
Congiu L
,
Guarnieri G
,
Kruschel C
,
Macic V
,
Marino IAM
,
Papetti C
,
Patarnello T
,
Zane L
,
Melià P
.
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Connectivity between populations influences both their dynamics and the genetic structuring of species. In this study, we explored connectivity patterns of a marine species with long-distance dispersal, the edible common sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, focusing mainly on the Adriatic-Ionian basins (Central Mediterranean). We applied a multidisciplinary approach integrating population genomics, based on 1,122 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) obtained from 2b-RAD in 275 samples, with Lagrangian simulations performed with a biophysical model of larval dispersal. We detected genetic homogeneity among eight population samples collected in the focal Adriatic-Ionian area, whereas weak but significant differentiation was found with respect to two samples from the Western Mediterranean (France and Tunisia). This result was not affected by the few putative outlier loci identified in our dataset. Lagrangian simulations found a significant potential for larval exchange among the eight Adriatic-Ionian locations, supporting the hypothesis of connectivity of P. lividus populations in this area. A peculiar pattern emerged from the comparison of our results with those obtained from published P. lividus cytochrome b (cytb) sequences, the latter revealing genetic differentiation in the same geographic area despite a smaller sample size and a lower power to detect differences. The comparison with studies conducted using nuclear markers on other species with similar pelagic larval durations in the same Adriatic-Ionian locations indicates species-specific differences in genetic connectivity patterns and warns against generalizing single-species results to the entire community of rocky shore habitats.
Figure 2. Sampling sites in the Central (Adriatic–Ionian seas) and the Western Mediterranean Sea (FAO subareas 37.1 and 37.2; FAO 2004). See Table 1 for location acronyms
Figure 3. Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components (DAPC) performed by package ADEGENET. See Table 1 for location acronyms
Figure 4. Geographic variation of connectivity among sampling locations as obtained from the biophysical model. The pie charts in the first row (a) detail the factors determining the success rate associated with each sampling location (see Table 1 for location acronyms), expressed as the percentage of successful larvae over the actual release, averaged over the whole simulation period. Pies in the second row (b–f) serve as a legend, using the KAP pie (b) as an example. The actual fraction of larvae released from a sampling location (c, release rate) depends on the presence of favorable thermal conditions for spawning (see text). Only a fraction of the larvae that are actually released reach other locations (d, arrival rate) or survive the dispersal phase (e, survival rate). The fraction of successful larvae dispersing from the location of release to any other location (f, success rate) is eventually obtained as the intersection between larvae arrived (dark gray slice in d) and larvae survived (dark gray slice in e)
Figure 5. Monthly variation in potential connectivity as obtained from the biophysical model. (a) Success rate over the actual release (averaged over years and sampling locations; see Figure 4 for color codes). (b) Connectivity effectiveness matrices (averaged over years; see Table 1 for location acronyms)
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