ECB-ART-41842
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol
2011 Mar 01;33:. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a000638.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
The nucleolus.
Pederson T
.
Abstract
When cells are observed by phase contrast microscopy, nucleoli are among the most conspicuous structures. The nucleolus was formally described between 1835 and 1839, but it was another century before it was discovered to be associated with a specific chromosomal locus, thus defining it as a cytogenetic entity. Nucleoli were first isolated in the 1950s, from starfish oocytes. Then, in the early 1960s, a boomlet of studies led to one of the epochal discoveries in the modern era of genetics and cell biology: that the nucleolus is the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis and nascent ribosome assembly. This epistemologically repositioned the nucleolus as not merely an aspect of nuclear anatomy but rather as a cytological manifestation of gene action-a major heuristic advance. Indeed, the finding that the nucleolus is the seat of ribosome production constitutes one of the most vivid confluences of form and function in the history of cell biology. This account presents the nucleolus in both historical and contemporary perspectives. The modern era has brought the unanticipated discovery that the nucleolus is plurifunctional, constituting a paradigm shift.
PubMed ID: 21106648
PMC ID: PMC3039934
Article link: Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol
Grant support: [+]
Genes referenced: LOC115919910
References [+] :
Andersen,
Directed proteomic analysis of the human nucleolus.
2002, Pubmed
Andersen, Directed proteomic analysis of the human nucleolus. 2002, Pubmed
Bachellerie, The expanding snoRNA world. 2002, Pubmed
Boisvert, The multifunctional nucleolus. 2007, Pubmed
Boyne, Nucleolar trafficking is essential for nuclear export of intronless herpesvirus mRNA. 2006, Pubmed
Brown, Specific gene amplification in oocytes. Oocyte nuclei contain extrachromosomal replicas of the genes for ribosomal RNA. 1968, Pubmed
BROWN, ABSENCE OF RIBOSOMAL RNA SYNTHESIS IN THE ANUCLEOLATE MUTANT OF XENOPUS LAEVIS. 1964, Pubmed
Calvet, Base-pairing interactions between small nuclear RNAs and nuclear RNA precursors as revealed by psoralen cross-linking in vivo. 1981, Pubmed
Chen, Nucleolar components involved in ribosome biogenesis cycle between the nucleolus and nucleoplasm in interphase cells. 2001, Pubmed
Ciufo, Nuclear export of yeast signal recognition particle lacking Srp54p by the Xpo1p/Crm1p NES-dependent pathway. 2000, Pubmed
Costa-Nunes, Extra views on RNA-dependent DNA methylation and MBD6-dependent heterochromatin formation in nucleolar dominance. 2010, Pubmed
Deryusheva, Dynamics of coilin in Cajal bodies of the Xenopus germinal vesicle. 2004, Pubmed
Earley, Mechanisms of HDA6-mediated rRNA gene silencing: suppression of intergenic Pol II transcription and differential effects on maintenance versus siRNA-directed cytosine methylation. 2010, Pubmed
Fatica, Making ribosomes. 2002, Pubmed
Fichelson, Live-imaging of single stem cells within their niche reveals that a U3snoRNP component segregates asymmetrically and is required for self-renewal in Drosophila. 2009, Pubmed
Fléchon, Analysis of the nucleolar compartment of the nucleus as an indicator of nuclear reprogramming after nuclear transfer. 2006, Pubmed
Fuhrman, Nucleolar proteins suppress Caenorhabditis elegans innate immunity by inhibiting p53/CEP-1. 2009, Pubmed
Gall, Differential synthesis of the genes for ribosomal RNA during amphibian oögenesis. 1968, Pubmed
Garcia, Net results of nucleolar dynamics. 1999, Pubmed
Ghetti, hnRNP I, the polypyrimidine tract-binding protein: distinct nuclear localization and association with hnRNAs. 1992, Pubmed
Gonda, Reversible disassembly of somatic nucleoli by the germ cell proteins FRGY2a and FRGY2b. 2003, Pubmed
Granneman, Ribosome biogenesis: of knobs and RNA processing. 2004, Pubmed
Grosshans, Biogenesis of the signal recognition particle (SRP) involves import of SRP proteins into the nucleolus, assembly with the SRP-RNA, and Xpo1p-mediated export. 2001, Pubmed
Guarente, Link between aging and the nucleolus. 1997, Pubmed
Handwerger, Cajal bodies, nucleoli, and speckles in the Xenopus oocyte nucleus have a low-density, sponge-like structure. 2005, Pubmed
Hernandez-Verdun, Emerging concepts of nucleolar assembly. 2002, Pubmed
Huang, Review: perinucleolar structures. 2000, Pubmed
Jacobson, Dynamic localization of RNase MRP RNA in the nucleolus observed by fluorescent RNA cytochemistry in living cells. 1995, Pubmed
Jacobson, A 7-methylguanosine cap commits U3 and U8 small nuclear RNAs to the nucleolar localization pathway. 1998, Pubmed
Jacobson, Localization of signal recognition particle RNA in the nucleolus of mammalian cells. 1998, Pubmed
Jacobson, Nuclear domains of the RNA subunit of RNase P. 1997, Pubmed
Kass, The U3 small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein functions in the first step of preribosomal RNA processing. 1990, Pubmed
Kim, Cajal bodies and the nucleolus are required for a plant virus systemic infection. 2007, Pubmed
Kim, Aberrant mRNA transcripts and the nonsense-mediated decay proteins UPF2 and UPF3 are enriched in the Arabidopsis nucleolus. 2009, Pubmed
Koberna, Ribosomal genes in focus: new transcripts label the dense fibrillar components and form clusters indicative of "Christmas trees" in situ. 2002, Pubmed
Kulikov, Mdm2 facilitates the association of p53 with the proteasome. 2010, Pubmed
Kumar, Characterization of ribosomal precursor particles from HeLa cell nucleoli. 1972, Pubmed
Kyng, Gene expression profiling in Werner syndrome closely resembles that of normal aging. 2003, Pubmed
Lam, Analysis of nucleolar protein dynamics reveals the nuclear degradation of ribosomal proteins. 2007, Pubmed
Leung, The dynamics of the nucleolus. 2003, Pubmed
Leung, Bioinformatic analysis of the nucleolus. 2003, Pubmed
Liau, Ribosome precursor particles in nucleoli. 1969, Pubmed
Ma, Nucleostemin: a multiplex regulator of cell-cycle progression. 2008, Pubmed
Ma, Nucleophosmin is a binding partner of nucleostemin in human osteosarcoma cells. 2008, Pubmed
Ma, Depletion of the nucleolar protein nucleostemin causes G1 cell cycle arrest via the p53 pathway. 2007, Pubmed
MAGGIO, STUDIES ON ISOLATED NUCLEI. II. ISOLATION AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF NUCLEOLAR AND NUCLEOPLASMIC SUBFRACTIONS. 1963, Pubmed
Marciniak, Nucleolar localization of the Werner syndrome protein in human cells. 1998, Pubmed
Martindill, Nucleolar release of Hand1 acts as a molecular switch to determine cell fate. 2007, Pubmed
Matera, A perinucleolar compartment contains several RNA polymerase III transcripts as well as the polypyrimidine tract-binding protein, hnRNP I. 1995, Pubmed
Mayer, Intergenic transcripts regulate the epigenetic state of rRNA genes. 2006, Pubmed
Michienzi, A nucleolar TAR decoy inhibitor of HIV-1 replication. 2002, Pubmed
Miller, Visualization of nucleolar genes. 1969, Pubmed
Misteli, A nucleolar disappearing act in somatic cloning. 2003, Pubmed
Misteli, Going in GTP cycles in the nucleolus. 2005, Pubmed
Olson, Conventional and nonconventional roles of the nucleolus. 2002, Pubmed
Olson, The nucleolus: an old factory with unexpected capabilities. 2000, Pubmed
Paredes, Ribosomal DNA contributes to global chromatin regulation. 2009, Pubmed
Pederson, Proteomics of the nucleolus: more proteins, more functions? 2002, Pubmed
Pederson, "Compact" nuclear domains: reconsidering the nucleolus. 2010, Pubmed
Pederson, Growth factors in the nucleolus? 1998, Pubmed
Pederson, The nucleolus and the four ribonucleoproteins of translation. 2000, Pubmed
Pederson, The plurifunctional nucleolus. 1998, Pubmed
Pederson, Regulatory RNAs derived from transfer RNA? 2010, Pubmed
Pederson, Relationship between protein synthesis and ribosome assembly in HeLa cells. 1971, Pubmed
Pederson, In search of nonribosomal nucleolar protein function and regulation. 2009, Pubmed
Pederson, Diffusional protein transport within the nucleus: a message in the medium. 2000, Pubmed
Pederson, Ribosomal protein mutations in Diamond-Blackfan anemia: might they operate upstream from protein synthesis? 2007, Pubmed
Pederson, Fluorescent RNA cytochemistry: tracking gene transcripts in living cells. 2001, Pubmed
Pederson, Protein mobility within the nucleus--what are the right moves? 2001, Pubmed
Pendle, Proteomic analysis of the Arabidopsis nucleolus suggests novel nucleolar functions. 2005, Pubmed
Perry, Nucleolus: structure and function. 1966, Pubmed
Phair, High mobility of proteins in the mammalian cell nucleus. 2000, Pubmed
Politz, A nonribosomal landscape in the nucleolus revealed by the stem cell protein nucleostemin. 2005, Pubmed
Politz, Signal recognition particle components in the nucleolus. 2000, Pubmed
Politz, Intranuclear diffusion and hybridization state of oligonucleotides measured by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy in living cells. 1998, Pubmed
Politz, MicroRNA-206 colocalizes with ribosome-rich regions in both the nucleolus and cytoplasm of rat myogenic cells. 2006, Pubmed
Politz, Diffusion-based transport of nascent ribosomes in the nucleus. 2003, Pubmed
Politz, Use of caged fluorochromes to track macromolecular movement in living cells. 1999, Pubmed
Politz, Photoactivation-based labeling and in vivo tracking of RNA molecules in the nucleus. 2006, Pubmed
Politz, Signal recognition particle RNA localization within the nucleolus differs from the classical sites of ribosome synthesis. 2002, Pubmed
Politz, MicroRNAs with a nucleolar location. 2009, Pubmed
Pollock, The perinucleolar compartment. 2010, Pubmed
Prieto, Recruitment of factors linking transcription and processing of pre-rRNA to NOR chromatin is UBF-dependent and occurs independent of transcription in human cells. 2007, Pubmed
Prieto, Pseudo-NORs: a novel model for studying nucleoli. 2008, Pubmed
Raska, Oldies but goldies: searching for Christmas trees within the nucleolar architecture. 2003, Pubmed
Raska, Structure and function of the nucleolus in the spotlight. 2006, Pubmed
Richter, Synapses go nucle(ol)ar. 2007, Pubmed
Royo, Spatial link between nucleoli and expression of the Zac1 gene. 2009, Pubmed
Rubbi, Disruption of the nucleolus mediates stabilization of p53 in response to DNA damage and other stresses. 2003, Pubmed
Santoro, Intergenic transcripts originating from a subclass of ribosomal DNA repeats silence ribosomal RNA genes in trans. 2010, Pubmed
Scheer, Structure and function of the nucleolus. 1999, Pubmed
Scherl, Functional proteomic analysis of human nucleolus. 2002, Pubmed
Sinclair, Accelerated aging and nucleolar fragmentation in yeast sgs1 mutants. 1997, Pubmed
Soeiro, Non-ribosomal nucleolar proteins in HeLa cells. 1973, Pubmed
Sommerville, Signal recognition particle assembly in relation to the function of amplified nucleoli of Xenopus oocytes. 2005, Pubmed
Sonntag, A viral assembly factor promotes AAV2 capsid formation in the nucleolus. 2010, Pubmed
Speil, Single ovalbumin molecules exploring nucleoplasm and nucleoli of living cell nuclei. 2010, Pubmed
Stavreva, Potential roles for ubiquitin and the proteasome during ribosome biogenesis. 2006, Pubmed
Szekely, Werner protein recruits DNA polymerase delta to the nucleolus. 2000, Pubmed
Taft, Small RNAs derived from snoRNAs. 2009, Pubmed
Tsai, A nucleolar mechanism controlling cell proliferation in stem cells and cancer cells. 2002, Pubmed
Tsai, A multistep, GTP-driven mechanism controlling the dynamic cycling of nucleostemin. 2005, Pubmed
Vincent, The Isolation and Chemical Properties of the Nucleoli of Starfish Oocytes. 1952, Pubmed , Echinobase
Visintin, The nucleolus: the magician's hat for cell cycle tricks. 2000, Pubmed
von Kobbe, A nucleolar targeting sequence in the Werner syndrome protein resides within residues 949-1092. 2002, Pubmed
Wang, Localization of pre-messenger RNA at discrete nuclear sites. 1991, Pubmed
Wang, RNA polymerase III transcripts and the PTB protein are essential for the integrity of the perinucleolar compartment. 2003, Pubmed
Warner, Nascent ribosomes from HeLa cells. 1967, Pubmed
Weber, Nucleolar Arf sequesters Mdm2 and activates p53. 1999, Pubmed