Click
here to close Hello! We notice that
you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Echinobase
and may cause the site to display incorrectly. We suggest using a
current version of Chrome,
FireFox,
or Safari.
Cytoskeleton (Hoboken)
2012 Feb 01;692:88-100. doi: 10.1002/cm.21000.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
The structural heterogeneity of radial spokes in cilia and flagella is conserved.
Lin J
,
Heuser T
,
Carbajal-González BI
,
Song K
,
Nicastro D
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
Radial spokes (RSs) are ubiquitous components of motile cilia and flagella and play an essential role in transmitting signals that regulate the activity of the dynein motors, and thus ciliary and flagellar motility. In some organisms, the 96 nm axonemal repeat unit contains only a pair of spokes, RS1 and RS2, while most organisms have spoke triplets with an additional spoke RS3. The spoke pairs in Chlamydomonas flagella have been well characterized, while spoke triplets have received less attention. Here, we used cryoelectron tomography and subtomogram averaging to visualize the three-dimensional structure of spoke triplets in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (sea urchin) sperm flagella in unprecedented detail. Only small differences were observed between RS1 and RS2, but the structure of RS3 was surprisingly unique and structurally different from the other two spokes. We observed novel doublet specific features that connect RS2, RS3, and the nexin-dynein regulatory complex, three key ciliary and flagellar structures. The distribution of these doublet specific structures suggests that they could be important for establishing the asymmetry of dynein activity required for the oscillatory movement of cilia and flagella. Surprisingly, a comparison with other organisms demonstrated both that this considerable RS heterogeneity is conserved and that organisms with RS pairs contain the basal part of RS3. This conserved RS heterogeneity may also reflect functional differences between the spokes and their involvement in regulating ciliary and flagellar motility.
AFZELIUS,
Electron microscopy of the sperm tail; results obtained with a new fixative.
1959, Pubmed,
Echinobase
AFZELIUS,
Electron microscopy of the sperm tail; results obtained with a new fixative.
1959,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Afzelius,
Flagellar mutants in man: on the heterogeneity of the immotile-cilia syndrome.
1979,
Pubmed
Afzelius,
Cilia-related diseases.
2004,
Pubmed
Afzelius,
The immotile-cilia syndrome: a microtubule-associated defect.
1985,
Pubmed
Barber,
Three-dimensional structure of the radial spokes reveals heterogeneity and interactions with dyneins in Chlamydomonas flagella.
2012,
Pubmed
Brokaw,
Direct measurements of sliding between outer doublet microtubules in swimming sperm flagella.
1989,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Bui,
Molecular architecture of inner dynein arms in situ in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii flagella.
2008,
Pubmed
Bui,
Asymmetry of inner dynein arms and inter-doublet links in Chlamydomonas flagella.
2009,
Pubmed
Burgess,
The structure of dynein-c by negative stain electron microscopy.
2004,
Pubmed
Castleman,
Mutations in radial spoke head protein genes RSPH9 and RSPH4A cause primary ciliary dyskinesia with central-microtubular-pair abnormalities.
2009,
Pubmed
Chasey,
Further observations on the ultrastructure of cilia from Tetrahymena pyriformis.
1972,
Pubmed
Chasey,
The three-dimensional arrangement of radial spokes in the flagella of Chlamydomonas reinhardii.
1974,
Pubmed
Curry,
Flagellar radial spoke: a model molecular genetic system for studying organelle assembly.
1993,
Pubmed
Dentler,
Structure and organization of radial spokes in cilia of Tetrahymena pyriformis.
1977,
Pubmed
Diener,
Assembly of flagellar radial spoke proteins in Chlamydomonas: identification of the axoneme binding domain of radial spoke protein 3.
1993,
Pubmed
Dymek,
A conserved CaM- and radial spoke associated complex mediates regulation of flagellar dynein activity.
2007,
Pubmed
Dymek,
The CSC is required for complete radial spoke assembly and wild-type ciliary motility.
2011,
Pubmed
Gatti,
Regulation of internal pH of sea urchin sperm. A role for the Na/K pump.
1985,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Gibbons,
Sliding and bending in sea urchin sperm flagella.
1982,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Goodenough,
Substructure of inner dynein arms, radial spokes, and the central pair/projection complex of cilia and flagella.
1985,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Hayashi,
Mechanism of flagellar oscillation-bending-induced switching of dynein activity in elastase-treated axonemes of sea urchin sperm.
2008,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Heuser,
The dynein regulatory complex is the nexin link and a major regulatory node in cilia and flagella.
2009,
Pubmed
Holwill,
Physical model of axonemal splitting.
1994,
Pubmed
Hopkins,
Subsidiary components of the flagella of Chlamydomonas reinhardii.
1970,
Pubmed
Huang,
Radial spokes of Chlamydomonas flagella: genetic analysis of assembly and function.
1981,
Pubmed
Koyfman,
Structure of Trypanosoma brucei flagellum accounts for its bihelical motion.
2011,
Pubmed
Kremer,
Computer visualization of three-dimensional image data using IMOD.
1996,
Pubmed
Linck,
Functional protofilament numbering of ciliary, flagellar, and centriolar microtubules.
2007,
Pubmed
Lindemann,
Flagellar and ciliary beating: the proven and the possible.
2010,
Pubmed
Marchler-Bauer,
CDD: specific functional annotation with the Conserved Domain Database.
2009,
Pubmed
Mastronarde,
Automated electron microscope tomography using robust prediction of specimen movements.
2005,
Pubmed
Mitchell,
Characterization of a Chlamydomonas insertional mutant that disrupts flagellar central pair microtubule-associated structures.
1999,
Pubmed
Nakano,
Central-pair-linked regulation of microtubule sliding by calcium in flagellar axonemes.
2003,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Nicastro,
The molecular architecture of axonemes revealed by cryoelectron tomography.
2006,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Nicastro,
Cryo-electron microscope tomography to study axonemal organization.
2009,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Nicastro,
3D structure of eukaryotic flagella in a quiescent state revealed by cryo-electron tomography.
2005,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Olson,
Observations of the structural components of flagellar axonemes and central pair microtubules from rat sperm.
1977,
Pubmed
Omoto,
Rotation of the central pair microtubules in eukaryotic flagella.
1999,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Padma,
Identification of a novel leucine-rich repeat protein as a component of flagellar radial spoke in the Ascidian Ciona intestinalis.
2003,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Patel-King,
Flagellar radial spokes contain a Ca2+-stimulated nucleoside diphosphate kinase.
2004,
Pubmed
Pettersen,
UCSF Chimera--a visualization system for exploratory research and analysis.
2004,
Pubmed
Piperno,
Radial spokes of Chlamydomonas flagella: polypeptide composition and phosphorylation of stalk components.
1981,
Pubmed
Piperno,
Two-dimensional analysis of flagellar proteins from wild-type and paralyzed mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
1977,
Pubmed
Plesec,
Ultrastructural abnormalities of respiratory cilia: a 25-year experience.
2008,
Pubmed
Porter,
The 9 + 2 axoneme anchors multiple inner arm dyneins and a network of kinases and phosphatases that control motility.
2000,
Pubmed
Quillin,
Accurate calculation of the density of proteins.
2000,
Pubmed
Ralston,
Flagellar motility contributes to cytokinesis in Trypanosoma brucei and is modulated by an evolutionarily conserved dynein regulatory system.
2006,
Pubmed
Rupp,
A subunit of the dynein regulatory complex in Chlamydomonas is a homologue of a growth arrest-specific gene product.
2003,
Pubmed
Sale,
The axonemal axis and Ca2+-induced asymmetry of active microtubule sliding in sea urchin sperm tails.
1986,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Sale,
Direction of active sliding of microtubules in Tetrahymena cilia.
1977,
Pubmed
Satir,
The role of axonemal components in ciliary motility.
1989,
Pubmed
Satir,
Splitting the ciliary axoneme: implications for a "switch-point" model of dynein arm activity in ciliary motion.
1989,
Pubmed
Satir,
Studies on cilia. 3. Further studies on the cilium tip and a "sliding filament" model of ciliary motility.
1968,
Pubmed
Satouh,
Molecular characterization of radial spoke subcomplex containing radial spoke protein 3 and heat shock protein 40 in sperm flagella of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis.
2005,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Satouh,
Proteomic characterization of sperm radial spokes identifies a novel spoke protein with an ubiquitin domain.
2009,
Pubmed
Shingyoji,
Local reactivation of Triton-extracted flagella by iontophoretic application of ATP.
1977,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Smith,
The role of central apparatus components in flagellar motility and microtubule assembly.
1997,
Pubmed
Smith,
The radial spokes and central apparatus: mechano-chemical transducers that regulate flagellar motility.
2004,
Pubmed
Sturgess,
Cilia with defective radial spokes: a cause of human respiratory disease.
1979,
Pubmed
Summers,
Adenosine triphosphate-induced sliding of tubules in trypsin-treated flagella of sea-urchin sperm.
1971,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Vale,
Rotation and translocation of microtubules in vitro induced by dyneins from Tetrahymena cilia.
1988,
Pubmed
Wargo,
Analysis of microtubule sliding patterns in Chlamydomonas flagellar axonemes reveals dynein activity on specific doublet microtubules.
2004,
Pubmed
Warner,
New observations on flagellar fine structure. The relationship between matrix structure and the microtubule component of the axoneme.
1970,
Pubmed
Warner,
The structural basis of ciliary bend formation. Radial spoke positional changes accompanying microtubule sliding.
1974,
Pubmed
Wirschell,
IC97 is a novel intermediate chain of I1 dynein that interacts with tubulin and regulates interdoublet sliding.
2009,
Pubmed
Wirschell,
Keeping an eye on I1: I1 dynein as a model for flagellar dynein assembly and regulation.
2007,
Pubmed
Witman,
Chlamydomonas flagellar mutants lacking radial spokes and central tubules. Structure, composition, and function of specific axonemal components.
1978,
Pubmed
Wloga,
Glutamylation on alpha-tubulin is not essential but affects the assembly and functions of a subset of microtubules in Tetrahymena thermophila.
2008,
Pubmed
Woolley,
A study of helical and planar waves on sea urchin sperm flagella, with a theory of how they are generated.
2001,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Yang,
Radial spoke proteins of Chlamydomonas flagella.
2006,
Pubmed
Yang,
Localization of calmodulin and dynein light chain LC8 in flagellar radial spokes.
2001,
Pubmed
