Yano A , Abe A , Aizawa F , Yamada H , Minami K , Matsui M , Kishi M .

	Figure 1. Time-killing curve of holotoxin for Candida albicans JCM1542. HTX at 40 µg/mL (black box) or dimethyl sulfoxide control (white box) were added to a log-phase culture of C. albicans. The number of viable cells at various time points was plotted (±standard deviation, duplicate analysis, repeated three times). Approximate curves and their formulae are also indicated, with coefficient values (r2).
	Figure 2. Analysis of HTX fractions and S. japonicus hydrolysate by HPLC and mass spectrometry. (a) Chromatogram of HTX. HTX was analysed by HPLC with an Inertsil ODS-3 column (4.6 × 150 mm) and a mobile phase with 35% acetonitrile at 0.8 mL/min. The major peaks were numbered from 1 to 3. (b) Chromatogram of the S. japonicus hydrolysate. The three peaks detected in HTX were also detected in the hydrolysate.
	Figure 3. Flow diagram of the clinical study. The randomized controlled trial as designed to investigate the effect of sea cucumber jelly on oral Candida. We obtained participation agreements from 33 Candida-positive individuals. Oral Candida levels were measured before randomization. Three patients in whom oral Candida could not be detected were excluded. Three persons were hospitalized due to worsening physical health and did not participate in the study. Nine persons had problems managing their dentures (inability to clean their dentures, etc.) and were excluded. The remaining 18 persons were randomized to two groups. To maintain balance in the study population, the denture and non-denture groups were independently randomized. Before starting the intervention, one further participant was hospitalized and did not participate in the study. Two groups of participants (n = 9 and n = 8) underwent the control or S. japonicus interventions, and their oral Candida levels were compared.

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