Zhang Y , Yañez Guerra LA , Egertová M , Zampronio CG , Jones AM , Elphick MR .

BB/M001644/1 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council , BB/M001032/1 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council

	Figure 1. Sequences of the A. rubens neuropeptide precursors ArSSP1 and ArSSP2 and alignment of neuropeptides derived from these precursors (ArSS1 and ArSS2) with related peptides from other taxa. (a) Amino acid sequence of ArSSP1, with the predicted signal peptide shown in blue, a dibasic cleavage site shown in green and the neuropeptide ArSS1 shown in red. The underlined cysteine residues are predicted to form a disulfide bridge in the mature ArSS1 peptide. (b) Amino acid sequence of ArSSP2, with the predicted signal peptide shown in blue, a dibasic cleavage site shown in green and the neuropeptide ArSS2 shown in red. The underlined cysteine residues are predicted to form a disulfide bridge in the mature ArSS2 peptide. (c) Alignment of echinoderm SS1-type neuropeptides with protostome ASTC-type peptides. Note that in addition to conserved cysteine residues, there is a conserved FXP motif (where X is variable). A GR motif is, more specifically, a shared feature of the echinoderm peptides. (d) Alignment of echinoderm SS2-type neuropeptides with chordate SS-type peptides. Note that in addition to conserved cysteine residues, there is a conserved FWK/IWK motif. An aspartate (D) residue and two glycine (G) residues are, more specifically, shared features of the echinoderm peptides. In (c,d), the aligned amino acids are highlighted in black if the residue is present in at least 70% of the sequences or highlighted in grey if conservative amino acid substitutions are present in at least 70% of the sequences. The position of a disulfide bridge between the two conserved cysteine residues is shown above the alignments. Species and peptide names are highlighted in taxon-specific colours: yellow (Echinodermata), green (Protostomes), pink (Cephalochordata), blue (Vertebrata). Species name abbreviations are as follows: Ajap, Apostichopus japonicus; Apla, Acanthaster planci; Arub, Asterias rubens; Bflo, Branchiostoma floridae; Cele, Caenorhabditis elegans; Ctel, Capitella teleta; Dmel, Drosophila melanogaster, Hsap, Homo sapiens, Lgig, Lottia gigantea; Ovic, Ophionotus victoriae; Spur, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.
	Figure 2. Comparison of the exon/intron structure of genes encoding somatostatin/allatostatin-C-related precursors in echinoderms and other taxa. The figure shows representations of the gene structures. The protein-coding exons are shown as rectangles and introns are shown as lines with intron length stated underneath. The N-terminal signal peptide, the neuropeptide and monobasic or dibasic cleavage sites are shown in blue, red and green, respectively, with amino acid residue positions shown underneath. Other regions of the precursor protein are shown in grey. The numbers above each precursor diagram show the phase of introns with respect to the reading frame, with 0 representing an intron located between two consecutive codons, 1 representing an intron between the first and second base of a codon and 2 representing an intron between the second and third base of a codon. Note that a shared characteristic of the echinoderm SSP1-type and SSP2-type genes and SS/CST/ASTC-type genes in other taxa is the presence of a phase 0 intron interrupting the coding region for the N-terminal part of the encoded proteins; this distinguishes these genes from UII/URP-type genes that have a phase 1 intron in an equivalent position. Species names are as follows: Apla, Acanthaster planci; Cele, Caenorhabditis elegans; Dmel, Drosophila melanogaster; Hsap, Homo sapiens; Myes, Mizuhopecten yessoensis; Spur, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. The neuropeptide precursor names are as follows: SS, somatostatin; CST, cortistatin; UII, urotensin II; URP, urotensin II-related peptide; ASTC, allatostatin-C. Accession numbers for the sequences of the precursors shown in this figure are listed in electronic supplementary material, table S3.
	Figure 3. Phylogenetic analysis identifies three A. rubens receptor proteins as somatostatin/allatostatin-C-type receptors. The tree generated using the maximum-likelihood method (1000 bootstrap replicates, LG + F + I + G4 substitution model) comprises three distinct receptor clades—SS/ASTC/opioid-type receptors, MCH-type receptors and urotensin II-type receptors. Galanin-type receptors and kisspeptin-type receptors were included here as outgroups to root the tree. The three A. rubens receptor proteins characterized in this study (labelled with red arrows) are positioned in the clade containing SS/opioid/ASTC-type receptors, demonstrating that they can be classified as SS/ASTC-type receptors. The round dots represent bootstrap support and the different coloured backgrounds highlight different taxonomic groups (see legend). The scale bar represents the average residue substitution per site. Receptor names shown in red indicate that cognate ligands for these receptors have been identified experimentally. Species names are as follows: Acal, Aplysia californica; Ajap, Apostichopus japonicus; Amel, Apis mellifera; Apla, Acanthaster planci; Arub, Asterias rubens; Bflo, Branchiostoma floridae; Cele, Caenorhabditis elegans; Cgig, Crassostrea gigas; Ctel, Capitella teleta; Dmel, Drosophila melanogaster; Dpul, Daphnia pulex; Hrob, Helobdella robusta; Hsap, Homo sapiens; Lgig, Lottia gigantea; Ovic, Ophionotus victoriae; Pdum, Platynereis dumerilii; Pmar, Petromyzon marinus; Skow, Saccoglossus kowalevskii; Spur, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus; Tcas, Tribolium castaneum. Accession numbers of receptor sequences and associated references used to generate this figure are listed in electronic supplementary material, table S4.
	Figure 4. ArSS2, but not ArSS1, acts as a ligand for three A. rubens SS/ASTC-type receptors, ArSSR1, ArSSR2 and ArSSR3. The graphs show that ArSS2 causes dose-dependent activation of ArSSR1 (a), ArSSR2 (c) and ArSSR3 (e) expressed with Gα16 in CHO-K1 cells stably expressing a calcium-sensitive bioluminescent GFP-aequorin fusion protein G5A. Luminescence is expressed as a percentage of the maximal response observed in each experiment (a,c,e) and the ArSS2 mean (±s.e.m.) EC50 values for each receptor are shown in red lettering. ArSS1 has no effect when tested over the same concentration range as ArSS2, demonstrating the specificity of the activation of ArSSR1–3 by ArSS2 (a,c,e). Each point represents mean values (±s.e.m.) from at least three independent experiments, with three repeats per experiment. (b,d,f) Comparison of the total bioluminescence responses of ArSSR1 (b), ArSSR2 (d) and ArSSR3 (f) expressing cells when exposed to ArSS2 and ArSS1 at a concentration of 10−5 M for 30 s. Cells exposed to BSA media were used as a control group. The mean luminescence responses to 10−5 M ArSS2 are 144 620 (b), 166 303 (d) and 46 575 (f), respectively, showing that ArSS2 has higher efficacy as ligand for ArSSR1 and ArSSR2 than for ArSSR3. Analysis of the data in (b,d,f) by one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni's multiple comparisons post hoc test revealed that luminescence in cells exposed to 10−5 M ArSS2 is significantly higher (****p < 0.0001, **p < 0.01) than in cells exposed to 10−5 M ArSS1 or BSA media (control). Luminescence is not significantly different between receptor-expressing cells exposed to 10−5 M ArSS1 and receptor-expressing cells exposed to BSA media.
	Figure 5. Localization of ArSSP2 mRNA in the nervous system of A. rubens using in situ hybridization. (a) Transverse section of a radial nerve cord incubated with antisense probes showing stained cells (ArSSP2-expressing cells) in both the hyponeural (arrow) and ectoneural (arrowheads) regions. The inset shows the absence of staining in a transverse section of radial nerve cord incubated with sense probes, demonstrating that staining observed with antisense probes can be attributed to the detection of ArSSP2 transcripts. (b) Higher magnification image of the boxed region in (a), showing stained cells in the hyponeural region (arrows) and in the subcuticular epithelial layer of the ectoneural region (arrowheads). (c) Transverse section of the central disc region showing stained cells in the hyponeural and ectoneural regions of the circumoral nerve ring; stained cells can also be seen in an adjacent peri-oral tube foot. (d) Higher magnification image of the boxed region in (c), showing stained cells in the hyponeural region (arrow) and the subcuticular epithelial layer of the ectoneural region (arrowheads). (e) Longitudinal parasagittal section of a radial nerve cord showing stained cells in both the hyponeural (arrow) and ectoneural (arrowhead) regions. Note that in the hyponeural region, the stained cells are clustered on either side of the transverse hemal strand. (f) Higher magnification image of the boxed region in (e), showing stained cells in the hyponeural region (arrows) and the subcuticular epithelial layer of the ectoneural region (arrowheads). (g) Stained cells in the body wall external epithelium proximal to the marginal nerve and in an adjacent tube foot (see also figure 7). CONR, circumoral nerve ring; Ec, ectoneural region; Hy, hyponeural region; MN, marginal nerve; RHS, radial hemal strand; RNC, radial nerve cord; TF, tube foot; THS, transverse hemal strand. Scale bars: 18 µm in (f); 30 µm in (b,d,g); 60 µm in (a), (a) inset, (c,e).
	Figure 6. Localization of ArSSP2 mRNA in the digestive system of A. rubens using in situ hybridization. (a) Transverse section through the central disc region showing stained cells in the peristomial membrane and in the circumoral nerve ring that surrounds the peristomial membrane. (b) Higher magnification image of the boxed region shown in (a), showing stained cells (arrowheads) in the external epithelium of the peristomial membrane. (c) Transverse section through the central disc region showing sparsely distributed stained cells in the cardiac stomach and pyloric stomach. (d) Higher magnification image of the boxed region of the pyloric stomach in (c), showing elongate shaped stained cells (arrowhead) in the mucosal layer and roundish shaped stained cells (arrow) close to the position of basi-epithelial nerve plexus. (e) Higher magnification image of the boxed region of the cardiac stomach in (c), showing elongate shaped stained cells (arrowhead) in the mucosal layer and roundish shaped stained cells (arrows) close to the position of the basi-epithelial nerve plexus. (f) Transverse section of a pyloric duct showing elongate shaped stained cells (arrowhead) and roundish shaped stained cells (arrow) located on both the aboral (upper) and oral (lower) sides. (g) Higher magnification image of the boxed region of (f) showing elongate shaped stained cells (arrowheads) in the mucosal layer. (h) Transverse section of an arm showing stained cells in a pyloric caecum. (i) Higher magnification image of the boxed region in (h), showing elongate shaped stained cells (arrowhead) in the mucosal layer and roundish shaped stained cells (arrow) close to the position of basi-epithelial nerve plexus. BNP, basi-epithelial nerve plexus; CONR, circumoral nerve ring; CS, cardiac stomach; Lu, lumen; Mu, mucosal layer; PC, pyloric caecum; PM, peristomial membrane; PS, pyloric stomach. Scale bars: 18 µm in (b); 30 µm in (a,e); 36 µm in (g); 60 µm in (d,f,i); 120 µm in (c,h).
	Figure 7. Localization of ArSSP2 mRNA in the tube feet and body wall of A. rubens using in situ hybridization. (a) Longitudinal section of a tube foot showing staining in both the stem and disc regions. (b) Higher magnification image of the stem region of (a), showing stained cells (arrowheads) in a subepithelial position. (c) Higher magnification image of the boxed region of (a) at the junction between the stem and the disc, showing a cluster of stained cells around the basal nerve ring. (d) Transverse section of the aboral body wall of an arm showing stained cells in the circular muscle layer proximal to the apical muscle. (e) Higher magnification image of the boxed region of (d), showing stained cells (arrowheads) in the circular muscle layer, which is located beneath the coelomic epithelium. (f) Transverse section of an arm showing staining in the external epithelium of the body wall. (g) Higher magnification image of the boxed region of (f), showing stained cells (arrowheads) in the external epithelium of the body wall. AM, apical muscle; BNR, basal nerve ring; CE, coelomic epithelium; CT, collagenous tissue; Di, disc; Ep, epithelium; ML, muscle layer; SNP, subepithelial nerve plexus; St, stem. Scale bars: 32 µm in (b); 60 µm in (c,e,f,g); 120 µm in (a,d).
	Figure 8. Localization of ArSS2 in the nervous system of A. rubens using immunohistochemistry. (a) Transverse section of the radial nerve cord showing ArSS2-immunoreactivity (immunostaining) in the hyponeural (arrows) and ectoneural (arrowheads) regions. In the ectoneural region, immunostained cells are located in the subcuticular epithelial layer, largely concentrated laterally, and immunostained fibres are present in the neuropile. The inset shows an absence of immunostaining in sections of radial nerve cord incubated with ArSS2 antiserum pre-absorbed with the ArSS2 peptide antigen, demonstrating the specificity of immunostaining observed in sections incubated with the ArSS2 antiserum. (b) Higher magnification image of the boxed region of (a), showing immunostained bipolar shaped cells in the subcuticular epithelium of the ectoneural region (arrowheads), immunostained roundish shaped monopolar cells in the hyponeural region (arrows) and immunostained fibres in the neuropile (asterisk). (c) Immunostaining in the marginal nerve (arrowhead) and immunostained fibres in the lateral motor nerve (arrows). (d) Longitudinal parasagittal section of a radial nerve cord showing immunostained cells in the hyponeural region (arrows) and ectoneural region (arrowheads). In the hyponeural region, immunostained cells are largely clustered near to the transverse hemal strand, whereas in the ectoneural region, immunostained cells are distributed evenly along the length of the radial nerve cord. Immunostained fibres are present throughout the ectoneural neuropile (asterisk). (e) Higher magnification image of the boxed ectoneural region of (d), showing immunostained bipolar shaped cells in the subcuticular epithelium (arrowheads) and immunostained fibres in the ectoneural neuropile (asterisk). (f) Higher magnification image of the boxed hyponeural region of panel (d), showing immunostained roundish monopolar cells. (g) Transverse section of the circumoral nerve ring showing immunostained cells in the hyponeural and ectoneural regions. Immunostained fibres are present in the ectoneural neuropile (asterisk) and are continuous with immunostained fibres in the basi-epithelial plexus of the adjacent peristomial membrane. (h) Higher magnification image of the boxed ectoneural region of (g), showing immunostained bipolar shaped cells (arrowheads) in the subcuticular epithelium. (i) Higher magnification image of the boxed hyponeural region of (g), showing immunostained roundish monopolar cells (arrows) and immunostained fibres in the adjacent ectoneural neuropile (asterisk). CONR, circumoral nerve ring; Ec, ectoneural region; Hy, hyponeural region; MN, marginal nerve; PM, peristomial membrane; THS, transverse hemal strand; RHS, radial hemal strand; RNC: radial nerve cord; TF, tube foot. Scale bars: 4.8 µm in (h); 8 µm in (b,e,f,i); 32 µm in (a), (a) inset, (d,g); 36 µm in (c).
	Figure 9. Localization of ArSS2 in the digestive system of A. rubens using immunohistochemistry. (a) Transverse section through the central disc showing ArSS2-immunoreactivity (immunostaining) in the peristomial membrane and the circumoral nerve ring. Immunostained cells are distributed sparsely in the external epithelial layer of the peristomial membrane and stained fibres are present in the underlying basi-epithelial nerve plexus and contiguous with the immunostained ectoneural region of the circumoral nerve ring. (b) Higher magnification image of the boxed region of peristomial membrane of (a), showing immunostained cells (arrowheads) in the external epithelial layer and immunostained fibres in the underlying basi-epithelial nerve plexus (arrow). (c) Transverse section through the central disc region showing immunostained fibres in the cardiac stomach and pyloric stomach regions. (d) Higher magnification image of the boxed region of the pyloric stomach in (c), showing immunostained fibres in the basi-epithelial nerve plexus. (e) Higher magnification image of the bottom boxed region of the cardiac stomach in (c), showing one bipolar shaped cell (arrowhead) in the mucosa layer and immunostained fibres in the basi-epithelial nerve plexus. (f) Transverse section of a pyloric duct showing immunostained fibres located on the aboral and oral sides, but with immunostaining more prominent on the oral side. (g) Higher magnification image of the boxed region of (f), showing immunostained fibres in the basi-epithelial nerve plexus on the oral side of the pyloric duct. (h) Transverse section of a starfish arm showing immunostaining present in a pyloric caecum, with region-specific variation in the intensity of immunostained fibres in the basi-epithelial nerve plexus. (i) Higher magnification image of the boxed region of the pyloric caecum in (h), showing immunostained cells (arrow) in the mucosal layer and immunostained fibres in the basi-epithelial nerve plexus. BNP, basi-epithelial nerve plexus; CONR, circumoral nerve ring; CS, cardiac stomach; CT, collagenous tissue; Lu, lumen; Mu, mucosa; PC, pyloric caecum; PD, pyloric duct; PM, peristomial membrane; PS, pyloric stomach. Scale bars: 12 µm in (b,d,eg); 24 µm in (i); 48 µm in (a), (h); 60 µm in (f); 120 µm in (c).
	Figure 10. Localization of ArSS2 in the tube feet, body wall and terminal tentacle of A. rubens using immunohistochemistry. (a) Longitudinal section of a tube foot showing ArSS2-immunoreactivity (immunostaining) in the subepithelial nerve plexus along the length of the stem and extending into the basal nerve ring of the disc region. (b) Higher magnification image of the lower boxed region of (a), showing immunostaining in the basal nerve ring of the disc region. (c) Higher magnification image of the upper boxed region of (a), showing immunostaining in the subepithelial nerve plexus along the length of the stem. (d) Transverse section of an arm tip, showing immunostaining in the terminal tentacle, lateral lappet, optic cushion and the surrounding body wall epithelium (arrow). (e) High magnification image of the lower boxed region of (d), showing immunostained bipolar shaped cells in the folded external epithelial layer of the terminal tentacle (arrowheads). (f) High magnification image of the upper boxed region of (d), showing immunostained fibres in the basi-epithelial nerve plexus (arrow) of the body wall epithelium adjacent to the terminal tentacle and immunostained cells in a lateral lappet (arrowheads). (g) Transverse section of an arm showing immunostaining in a pedicellaria and the nerve plexus beneath the external epithelium of the body wall. (h) High magnification image of the upper boxed region of (g), showing immunostained fibres between muscles of a pedicellaria. (i) High magnification image of the lower boxed region of (g), showing immunostained fibres in the nerve plexus beneath the external epithelium of the body wall. BNR, basal nerve ring; BW, body wall; CT, collagenous tissue; CuL, cuticular layer; Ep, epithelium; LL, lateral lappet; ML, muscle layer; OC, optic cushion; Pe, pedicellaria; SNP, subepithelial nerve plexus; TT, terminal tentacle. Scale bars: 12 µm in (b,c,e); 24 µm in (f,h,i); 60 µm in (d,g); 120 µm in (a).
	Figure 11. ArSS2 causes relaxation of in vitro preparations of tube feet and cardiac stomach from A. rubens. (a) Graphs showing the dose-dependent relaxing effect of ArSS2 on tube foot preparations at concentrations ranging from 10−10 to 10−6 M. The responses are expressed as the mean percentage reversal (±s.e.m.; n = 6) of the contraction induced by 10−6 M acetylcholine (ACh). (b) Upper: representative recording showing that ArSS2 causes dose-dependent relaxation of a cardiac stomach preparation that was pre-contracted with seawater containing 3 × 10−2 M added KCl. Lower: graph showing the dose-dependent relaxing effect of ArSS2 on cardiac stomach preparations at concentrations ranging from 10−10 to 10−6 M. The responses are expressed as the mean percentage reversal (±s.e.m.; n = 10) of the contraction induced by 3 × 10−2 M KCl. (c) Representative recording of a cardiac stomach preparation that compares the relaxing effects of ArSS2, the SALMFamide-type neuropeptide S2 and asterotocin (Ast) at a concentration of 10−7 M. As in (b), the cardiac stomach preparation was pre-contracted with KCl-supplemented seawater prior to application of the neuropeptides. The graph below compares the effects of S2, ArSS2 and Ast on cardiac stomach preparations at a concentration of 10−7 M, expressed as mean percentages (±s.e.m.; n = 6) with the relaxing effect of S2 defined as 100%. The relaxing effect of Ast is significantly larger than the effect of S2 (two-tailed Student's t-test; p = 0.0055; n = 6) and the effect of ArSS2 (two-tailed Student's t-test; p = 0.0250; n = 6). The relaxing effect of ArSS2 is significantly larger than the effect of S2 (two-tailed Student's t-test; p = 0.0303; n = 6). (d) Representative recording of a cardiac stomach preparation that compares the relaxing effects of S2, ArSS2 and Ast at a concentration of 10−6 M. As in (c), the cardiac stomach preparation was pre-contracted with KCl-supplemented seawater prior to application of the neuropeptides. The graph below compares the effects of S2, ArSS2 and Ast on cardiac stomach preparations at a concentration of 10−6 M, expressed as mean percentages (±s.e.m.; n = 6) with the relaxing effect of S2 defined as 100%. The relaxing effect of Ast is significantly larger than the effect S2 (two-tailed Student's t-test; p = 0.0255; n = 6) and the effect of ArSS2 (two-tailed Student's t-test; p = 0.0483; n = 6). There is not a significant difference in the magnitude of the relaxing effects of ArSS2 and S2.
	Figure 12. In vivo injection of ArSS2 triggers cardiac stomach eversion in A. rubens. (a) Temporal dynamics of ArSS2 (red; 10 µl of 10−3 M) and asterotocin (Ast) (black; 10 µl of 10−3 M) induced cardiac stomach eversion. The graph shows the mean area (±s.e.m.; n = 10) of the cardiac stomach everted expressed as a percentage of the area of the central disc region at 1 min intervals over a 10 min period following injection of ArSS2 or Ast. (b) Photographs from video recordings of the experiment in (a) showing representative control (water-injected) starfish (i–iii), ArSS2-injected starfish (iv–vi) and Ast-injected starfish (vii–ix) at 0, 5 and 10 min after injection. The cardiac stomach eversion area is labelled with a dashed line in (v,vi,viii,ix).

Ahn, Neuropeptides predicted from the transcriptome analysis of the gray garden slug Deroceras reticulatum. 2017, Pubmed

Ahn, Neuropeptides predicted from the transcriptome analysis of the gray garden slug Deroceras reticulatum. 2017, Pubmed
Bächner, Identification of melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) as the natural ligand for the orphan somatostatin-like receptor 1 (SLC-1). 1999, Pubmed
Bachtel, Allatostatin C modulates nociception and immunity in Drosophila. 2018, Pubmed
Baubet, Chimeric green fluorescent protein-aequorin as bioluminescent Ca2+ reporters at the single-cell level. 2000, Pubmed
Blowes, Body wall structure in the starfish Asterias rubens. 2017, Pubmed , Echinobase
Brazeau, Hypothalamic polypeptide that inhibits the secretion of immunoreactive pituitary growth hormone. 1973, Pubmed
Cai, Biochemical, Anatomical, and Pharmacological Characterization of Calcitonin-Type Neuropeptides in Starfish: Discovery of an Ancient Role as Muscle Relaxants. 2018, Pubmed , Echinobase
Cammalleri, Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Somatostatin-Based Signaling in Two Model Neural Networks, the Retina and the Hippocampus. 2019, Pubmed
Chen, Neuropeptide precursors and neuropeptides in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus: a genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic analysis. 2019, Pubmed , Echinobase
Díaz, Allatostatin-C/AstC-R2 Is a Novel Pathway to Modulate the Circadian Activity Pattern in Drosophila. 2019, Pubmed
Dickinson, Identification of SYWKQCAFNAVSCFamide: a broadly conserved crustacean C-type allatostatin-like peptide with both neuromodulatory and cardioactive properties. 2009, Pubmed
Dickinson, Three members of a peptide family are differentially distributed and elicit differential state-dependent responses in a pattern generator-effector system. 2018, Pubmed
Down, Effects of Manduca sexta allatostatin and an analog on the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and degradation by enzymes from the aphid gut. 2010, Pubmed
Edgar, MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. 2004, Pubmed
Elphick, Distribution and action of SALMFamide neuropeptides in the starfish Asterias rubens. 1995, Pubmed , Echinobase
Elphick, Evolution of neuropeptide signalling systems. 2018, Pubmed
Engin, Anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of intracerebroventricularly administered somatostatin: behavioral and neurophysiological evidence. 2008, Pubmed
Garm, Visual navigation in starfish: first evidence for the use of vision and eyes in starfish. 2014, Pubmed , Echinobase
Gonkowski, Somatostatin as an Active Substance in the Mammalian Enteric Nervous System. 2019, Pubmed
Goodman, Nucleotide sequence of a cloned structural gene coding for a precursor of pancreatic somatostatin. 1980, Pubmed
Günther, International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CV. Somatostatin Receptors: Structure, Function, Ligands, and New Nomenclature. 2018, Pubmed
Hamada, Effect of somatostatin on circadian rhythms of firing and 2-deoxyglucose uptake in rat suprachiasmatic slices. 1993, Pubmed
Hellman, Inhibition of the in vitro secretion of insulin by an extract of pancreatic alpha-1 cells. 1969, Pubmed
Hennebert, Characterization of the protein fraction of the temporary adhesive secreted by the tube feet of the sea star Asterias rubens. 2012, Pubmed , Echinobase
Jékely, Global view of the evolution and diversity of metazoan neuropeptide signaling. 2013, Pubmed
Kapustin, Splign: algorithms for computing spliced alignments with identification of paralogs. 2008, Pubmed
Kozak, An analysis of 5'-noncoding sequences from 699 vertebrate messenger RNAs. 1987, Pubmed
Kramer, Identification of an allatostatin from the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta. 1991, Pubmed
Kreienkamp, Functional annotation of two orphan G-protein-coupled receptors, Drostar1 and -2, from Drosophila melanogaster and their ligands by reverse pharmacology. 2002, Pubmed
Krulich, Stimulatory and inhibitory effects of purified hypothalamic extracts on growth hormone release from rat pituitary in vitro. 1968, Pubmed
Kumar, MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets. 2016, Pubmed
Lin, Functional characterization of a second pedal peptide/orcokinin-type neuropeptide signaling system in the starfish Asterias rubens. 2018, Pubmed , Echinobase
Lin, Pedal peptide/orcokinin-type neuropeptide signaling in a deuterostome: The anatomy and pharmacology of starfish myorelaxant peptide in Asterias rubens. 2017, Pubmed , Echinobase
Lin, Cellular localization of relaxin-like gonad-stimulating peptide expression in Asterias rubens: New insights into neurohormonal control of spawning in starfish. 2017, Pubmed , Echinobase
Liu, C-Type allatostatin and its putative receptor from the mud crab serve an inhibitory role in ovarian development. 2019, Pubmed
Liu, IBS: an illustrator for the presentation and visualization of biological sequences. 2015, Pubmed
Luo, Regulation of feeding by somatostatin neurons in the tuberal nucleus. 2018, Pubmed
Ma, Mass spectrometric characterization and physiological actions of novel crustacean C-type allatostatins. 2009, Pubmed
Mair, The neuropeptide F (NPF) encoding gene from the cestode, Moniezia expansa. 2000, Pubmed
Matthews, Interactions between allatostatins and allatotropin on spontaneous contractions of the foregut of larval Lacanobia oleracea. 2007, Pubmed
Meeusen, G protein-coupled receptors in invertebrates: a state of the art. 2003, Pubmed
Melarange, Comparative analysis of nitric oxide and SALMFamide neuropeptides as general muscle relaxants in starfish. 2003, Pubmed , Echinobase
Mirabeau, Molecular evolution of peptidergic signaling systems in bilaterians. 2013, Pubmed
Moore, Immunocytochemical mapping of the novel echinoderm neuropeptide SALMFamide 1 (S1) in the starfish Asterias rubens. 1993, Pubmed , Echinobase
Nässel, Drosophila neuropeptides in regulation of physiology and behavior. 2010, Pubmed
Newman, Tissue distribution of the SALMFamide neuropeptides S1 and S2 in the starfish Asterias rubens using novel monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. I. Nervous and locomotory systems. 1995, Pubmed , Echinobase
Odekunle, Ancient role of vasopressin/oxytocin-type neuropeptides as regulators of feeding revealed in an echinoderm. 2019, Pubmed , Echinobase
Omasits, Protter: interactive protein feature visualization and integration with experimental proteomic data. 2014, Pubmed
Pantazopoulos, Decreased Numbers of Somatostatin-Expressing Neurons in the Amygdala of Subjects With Bipolar Disorder or Schizophrenia: Relationship to Circadian Rhythms. 2017, Pubmed
Patel, Somatostatin and its receptor family. 1999, Pubmed
Pentreath, Neurobiology of echinodermata. 1972, Pubmed , Echinobase
Price, Drosophila melanogaster flatline encodes a myotropin orthologue to Manduca sexta allatostatin. 2002, Pubmed
Priyam, Sequenceserver: A Modern Graphical User Interface for Custom BLAST Databases. 2019, Pubmed
Riedemann, Diversity and Function of Somatostatin-Expressing Interneurons in the Cerebral Cortex. 2019, Pubmed
Sailer, Identification and characterization of a second melanin-concentrating hormone receptor, MCH-2R. 2001, Pubmed
Satake, Neuropeptides, Peptide Hormones, and Their Receptors of a Tunicate, Ciona intestinalis. 2019, Pubmed
Schally, Isolation and structure of pro-somatostatin: a putative somatostatin precursor from pig hypothalamus. 1980, Pubmed
Semmens, The evolution of neuropeptide signalling: insights from echinoderms. 2017, Pubmed , Echinobase
Semmens, Transcriptomic identification of starfish neuropeptide precursors yields new insights into neuropeptide evolution. 2016, Pubmed , Echinobase
Semmens, Discovery of a novel neurophysin-associated neuropeptide that triggers cardiac stomach contraction and retraction in starfish. 2013, Pubmed , Echinobase
Siehler, Pharmacological profile of somatostatin and cortistatin receptors. 2008, Pubmed
Stengel, Central somatostatin signaling and regulation of food intake. 2019, Pubmed
Stengel, The role of brain somatostatin receptor 2 in the regulation of feeding and drinking behavior. 2015, Pubmed
Stewart, Neuropeptides encoded by the genomes of the Akoya pearl oyster Pinctata fucata and Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas: a bioinformatic and peptidomic survey. 2014, Pubmed
Tian, Functional Characterization of Paralogous Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-Type and Corazonin-Type Neuropeptides in an Echinoderm. 2017, Pubmed , Echinobase
Tostivint, Molecular evolution of GPCRs: Somatostatin/urotensin II receptors. 2014, Pubmed
Tulassay, Somatostatin and the gastrointestinal tract. 1998, Pubmed
Urlacher, Honey Bee Allatostatins Target Galanin/Somatostatin-Like Receptors and Modulate Learning: A Conserved Function? 2016, Pubmed
Urlacher, C-type allatostatins mimic stress-related effects of alarm pheromone on honey bee learning and memory recall. 2017, Pubmed
Vaudry, International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCII. Urotensin II, urotensin II-related peptide, and their receptor: from structure to function. 2015, Pubmed
Veenstra, Allatostatin C and its paralog allatostatin double C: the arthropod somatostatins. 2009, Pubmed
Veenstra, Neurohormones and neuropeptides encoded by the genome of Lottia gigantea, with reference to other mollusks and insects. 2010, Pubmed
Veenstra, Neuropeptide evolution: neurohormones and neuropeptides predicted from the genomes of Capitella teleta and Helobdella robusta. 2011, Pubmed
Villalobos-Sambucaro, Allatostatin-C antagonizes the synergistic myostimulatory effect of allatotropin and serotonin in Rhodnius prolixus (Stal). 2016, Pubmed
Williams, The neuromuscular transform of the lobster cardiac system explains the opposing effects of a neuromodulator on muscle output. 2013, Pubmed
Wiwatpanit, Inter-animal variability in the effects of C-type allatostatin on the cardiac neuromuscular system in the lobster Homarus americanus. 2012, Pubmed
Yañez-Guerra, Discovery and functional characterisation of a luqin-type neuropeptide signalling system in a deuterostome. 2018, Pubmed , Echinobase
Zandawala, Discovery of novel representatives of bilaterian neuropeptide families and reconstruction of neuropeptide precursor evolution in ophiuroid echinoderms. 2017, Pubmed , Echinobase
Zhang, Tools for GPCR drug discovery. 2012, Pubmed
Zhang, Identification and Characterization of Neuropeptides by Transcriptome and Proteome Analyses in a Bivalve Mollusc Patinopecten yessoensis. 2018, Pubmed