Click
here to close Hello! We notice that
you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Echinobase
and may cause the site to display incorrectly. We suggest using a
current version of Chrome,
FireFox,
or Safari.
Dev Genes Evol
2009 Dec 01;21911-12:565-76. doi: 10.1007/s00427-010-0317-5.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
Nervous system development of two crinoid species, the sea lily Metacrinus rotundus and the feather star Oxycomanthus japonicus.
Nakano H
,
Nakajima Y
,
Amemiya S
.
???displayArticle.abstract??? Nervous system development in echinoderms has been well documented, especially for sea urchins and starfish. However, that of crinoids, the most basal group of extant echinoderms, has been poorly studied due to difficulties in obtaining their larvae. In this paper, we report nervous system development from two species of crinoids, from hatching to late doliolaria larvae in the sea lily Metacrinus rotundus and from hatching to cystidean stages after settlement in the feather star Oxycomanthus japonicus. The two species showed a similar larval nervous system pattern with an extensive anterior larval ganglion. The ganglion was similar to that in sea urchins which is generally regarded as derived. In contrast with other echinoderm and hemichordate larvae, synaptotagmin antibody 1E11 failed to reveal ciliary band nerve tracts. Basiepithelial nerve cells formed a net-like structure in the M. rotundus doliolaria larvae. In O. japonicus, the larval ganglion was still present 1 day after settlement when the adult nervous system began to appear inside the crown. Stalk nerves originated from the crown and extended down the stalk, but had no connections with the remaining larval ganglion at the base of the stalk. The larval nervous system was not incorporated into the adult nervous system, and the larval ganglion later disappeared. The aboral nerve center, the dominant nervous system in adult crinoids, was formed at the early cystidean stage, considerably earlier than previously suggested. Through comparisons with nervous system development in other ambulacraria, we suggest the possible nervous system development pattern of the echinoderm ancestor and provide new implications on the evolutionary history of echinoderm life cycles.
Beer,
Development of serotonin-like and SALMFamide-like immunoreactivity in the nervous system of the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris.
2001, Pubmed,
Echinobase
Beer,
Development of serotonin-like and SALMFamide-like immunoreactivity in the nervous system of the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris.
2001,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Bishop,
Ontogeny of the holothurian larval nervous system: evolution of larval forms.
2007,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Burke,
Neuron-specific expression of a synaptotagmin gene in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.
2006,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Byrne,
Development and distribution of the peptidergic system in larval and adult Patiriella: comparison of sea star bilateral and radial nervous systems.
2002,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Byrne,
Apical organs in echinoderm larvae: insights into larval evolution in the Ambulacraria.
2007,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Dupont,
Neural development of the brittlestar Amphiura filiformis.
2009,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Hara,
Expression patterns of Hox genes in larvae of the sea lily Metacrinus rotundus.
2006,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Hirokawa,
Development of the nervous system in the brittle star Amphipholis kochii.
2008,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Lacalli,
Ciliary band formation in the doliolaria larva of Florometra. I. The development of normal epithelial pattern.
1986,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Mashanov,
Developmental origin of the adult nervous system in a holothurian: an attempt to unravel the enigma of neurogenesis in echinoderms.
2007,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Nakajima,
Development and neural organization of the tornaria larva of the Hawaiian hemichordate, Ptychodera flava.
2004,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Nakajima,
Divergent patterns of neural development in larval echinoids and asteroids.
2004,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Nakano,
Regrowth of the stalk of the sea lily, Metacrinus rotundus (Echinodermata: Crinoidea).
2004,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Nakano,
Larval stages of a living sea lily (stalked crinoid echinoderm).
2003,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Nakano,
Nervous system development of the sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus.
2006,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Nielsen,
Development of the enteropneust Ptychodera flava: ciliary bands and nervous system.
2007,
Pubmed
Nomaksteinsky,
Centralization of the deuterostome nervous system predates chordates.
2009,
Pubmed
Scouras,
The complete mitochondrial genomes of the sea lily Gymnocrinus richeri and the feather star Phanogenia gracilis: signature nucleotide bias and unique nad4L gene rearrangement within crinoids.
2006,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Shibata,
Development and growth of the feather star Oxycomanthus japonicus to sexual maturity.
2008,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
