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BMC Genomics
2006 Jan 27;7:17. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-7-17.
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Complete mitochondrial genome sequences for Crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci and Acanthaster brevispinus.
Yasuda N
,
Hamaguchi M
,
Sasaki M
,
Nagai S
,
Saba M
,
Nadaoka K
.
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BACKGROUND: The crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci (L.), has been blamed for coral mortality in a large number of coral reef systems situated in the Indo-Pacific region. Because of its high fecundity and the long duration of the pelagic larval stage, the mechanism of outbreaks may be related to its meta-population dynamics, which should be examined by larval sampling and population genetic analysis. However, A. planci larvae have undistinguished morphological features compared with other asteroid larvae, hence it has been difficult to discriminate A. planci larvae in plankton samples without species-specific markers. Also, no tools are available to reveal the dispersal pathway of A. planci larvae. Therefore the development of highly polymorphic genetic markers has the potential to overcome these difficulties. To obtain genomic information for these purposes, the complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial genome of A. planci and its putative sibling species, A. brevispinus were determined and their characteristics discussed.
RESULTS: The complete mtDNA of A. planci and A. brevispinus are 16,234 bp and 16,254 bp in size, respectively. These values fall within the length variation range reported for other metazoan mitochondrial genomes. They contain 13 proteins, 2 rRNA, and 22 tRNA genes and the putative control region in the same order as the asteroid, Asterina pectinifera. The A + T contents of A. planci and A. brevispinus on their L strands that encode the majority of protein-coding genes are 56.3% and 56.4% respectively and are lower than that of A. pectinifera (61.2%). The percent similarity of nucleotide sequences between A. planci and A. brevispinus is found to be highest in the CO2 and CO3 regions (both 90.6%) and lowest in ND2 gene (84.2%) among the 13 protein-coding genes. In the deduced putative amino acid sequences, CO1 is highly conserved (99.2%), and ATP8 apparently evolves faster any of the other protein-coding gene (85.2%).
CONCLUSION: The gene arrangement, base composition, codon usage and tRNA structure of A. planci are similar to those of A. brevispinus. However, there are significant variations between A. planci and A. brevispinus. Complete mtDNA sequences are useful for the study of phylogeny, larval detection and population genetics.
Figure 1. Alignment of the twenty-two tRNA form mitochondrial genome of A. planci, A. brevispinus and Asterina pectinifera. * Data from Asakawa et al. 199510. A. planci: Acanthaster planci; A. brevis: Acanthaster brevispinus; Asterina: Asterina pectinifera, Each anticodon is located at the middle of anticodon loop (+++). Bars above alignments indicate unambiguously aligned stem regions. Asterisks indicate deletions and dots indicate the same nucleotides as A. planci. The last one letter is one nucleotide protrusion of 3' amino-acid accepter stem.
Figure 2. The molecular phylogeny of asteroid species based on the CO1 sequence data. Cucumaria miniata (Cucumariidae) and Paracentrotus lividus (Echinidae) were used as the out-groups. The ML tree was reconstructed with the TrN + I + G model using PAUP 4.0b10. Only bootstrap values of 50% or higher are shown to the left of internal nodes. The first numbers are from neighbor-joining analyses (1000 replications), the second numbers are from maximum likelihood analyses (100 replications) and the last numbers are from Parsimony analyses (1000 replications; characters were unweighted).
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