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Nanomaterials (Basel)
2020 Oct 23;1011:. doi: 10.3390/nano10112102.
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Safety Evaluation of TiO2 Nanoparticle-Based Sunscreen UV Filters on the Development and the Immunological State of the Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus.
Catalano R
,
Labille J
,
Gaglio D
,
Alijagic A
,
Napodano E
,
Slomberg D
,
Campos A
,
Pinsino A
.
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Sunscreens are emulsions of water and oil that contain filters capable of protecting against the detrimental effects of ultraviolet radiation (UV). The widespread use of cosmetic products based on nanoparticulate UV filters has increased concerns regarding their safety and compatibility with both the environment and human health. In the present work, we evaluated the effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticle (TiO2 NP)-based UV filters with three different surface coatings on the development and immunity of the sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus. A wide range of NP concentrations was analyzed, corresponding to different levels of dilution starting from the original cosmetic dispersion. Variations in surface coating, concentration, particle shape, and pre-dispersant medium (i.e., water or oil) influenced the embryonic development without producing a relevant developmental impairment. The most common embryonic abnormalities were related to the skeletal growth and the presence of a few cells, which were presumably involved in the particle uptake. Adult P. lividus immune cells exposed to silica-coated TiO2 NP-based filters showed a broad metabolic plasticity based on the biosynthesis of metabolites that mediate inflammation, phagocytosis, and antioxidant response. The results presented here highlight the biosafety of the TiO2 NP-based UV filters toward sea urchin, and the importance of developing safer-by-design sunscreens.
671881 European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement, 713750 European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement, PICS n°08322 SODA Light CNRS, ANR- 11-LABX-0064 Labex Serenade
Figure 1. The hydrophilic and hydrophobic TiO2 NP-based UV filters at different concentrations and dispersant phases influence the sea urchin embryonic development without producing a relevant developmental impairment. Histograms represent the results expressed as mean percentage (%) of normal embryos ± standard deviation after 48 h of exposure to the (a) hydrophilic (T-AVO and P25) and (b) hydrophobic (T-S and T-Lite) TiO2 NP-based UV filters. * p < 0.05.
Figure 2. Optical images of representative sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus exposed to TiO2 NP-based UV filters. Black arrows indicate decrease or increase in arm growth and supporting skeletal rods. Red arrows indicate crossed or separated tips at the hood apex arms. Blue arrows indicate the atypical big cells found in abnormally developed embryos.
Figure 3. Impact of T-AVO UV filters on the sea urchin immune cell viability and toxicity. Real-time viability over two days of continuous monitoring, of which one measurement point (48) is shown (0.1, 1, 10, 100, 500 mg/L final concentration). The highest doses (100 and 500 mg/L) provoked decreases in cell viability and increase in cell toxicity. Levels are expressed in arbitrary units as fold increase or decrease compared to controls assumed as 1 (dot line). Data are reported as the mean ± SD; stars (*) indicate significant differences among groups (* p < 0.05; *** p < 0.001).
Figure 4. Sea urchin immune cell metabolic profile under hydrophilic nano-TiO2-based UV filters. Untargeted metabolic profiling of T-AVO and P25 exposed for one day at 2 mg/L and for two days at 1 mg/L and unexposed immune cells (Ctr) for 72 h. Hierarchical clustering heatmaps display significantly (p ≤ 0.05) different intracellular metabolites by LC-MS. Metabolic typing was performed on P. lividus primary immune cell cultures obtained from five individual donors.
Figure 5. Schematic illustration of the results obtained from the evaluation of the TiO2 NP-based sunscreen UV filters on the development and the immunological state of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Models: Sea urchin embryos and adult P. lividus immune cells in vitro. Endpoints: Sea urchin embryos at the pluteus stage (48 h), immune cell viability/toxicity (48 h), and metabolomics (72 h). Commercial nanoparticulate UV filters with three surface coatings: T-S, T-Lite, and T-AVO tested on embryonic development and T-AVO on immune cells. P25 was used as an uncoated nano-TiO2 reference. The results presented here highlight the biosafety of TiO2 NP-based UV filters on sea urchin, and the importance of developing safer-by-design sunscreens and evaluating the associated risk. Created by Andi Alijagic using BioRender.com.
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