Brasseur L et al. (2017), The Roles of Spinochromes in Four Shallow Water...

ECB-ART-45575

Mar Drugs 2017 Jun 16;156:. doi: 10.3390/md15060179.

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The Roles of Spinochromes in Four Shallow Water Tropical Sea Urchins and Their Potential as Bioactive Pharmacological Agents.

Brasseur L , Hennebert E , Fievez L , Caulier G , Bureau F , Tafforeau L , Flammang P , Gerbaux P , Eeckhaut I .

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Spinochromes are principally known to be involved in sea urchin pigmentation as well as for their potentially interesting pharmacological properties. To assess their biological role in sea urchin physiology, experiments are undertaken on crude extracts from four species and on four isolated spinochromes in order to test their antibacterial, antioxidant, inflammatory and cytotoxic activities. First, the antibacterial assays show that the use of crude extracts as representatives of antibacterial effects of spinochromes are inaccurate. The assays on purified spinochromes showed a decrease in the growth of four strains with an intensity depending on the spinochromes/bacteria system, revealing the participation of spinochromes in the defense system against microorganisms. Secondly, in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl antioxidant assays, spinochromes show an enhanced activity compared to the positive control. This latter observation suggests their involvement in ultraviolet radiation protection. Third, spinochromes present a pro-inflammatory effect on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages, highlighting their possible implication in the sea urchin immune system. Finally, cytotoxicity assays based on Trypan blue exclusion, performed in view of their possible future applications as drugs, show a weak cytotoxicity of these compounds against human cells. In conclusion, all results confirm the implication of spinochromes in sea urchin defense mechanisms against their external environment and reveal their potential for pharmacological and agronomical industries.

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Genes referenced: LOC100887844 LOC115919910

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References [+] :

Akinbowale, Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from aquaculture sources in Australia. 2006, Pubmed

	Figure 1. Structure of isolated E. mathaei tests/spines pigments collected in four fractions with the HPLC.
	Figure 2. Growth (%) of bacteria incubated in medium containing sea urchin crude extracts or isolated spinochromes. Isolated spinochromes and ampicillin concentrations are expressed as 1 = 1000 μM; 2 = 500 μM; 3 = 200 μM; 4 = 100 μM; 5 = 40μM; 6 = 20 μM; 7 = 4 μM; 8 = Negative control. Crude extract concentrations are expressed as 1 = 2000 μG/mL; 2 = 1000 μG/mL; 3 = 200 μG/mL; 4 = 100 μG/mL; 5 = 1 μG/mL. Data are expressed as the mean ± one standard deviation of 3 independent experiments for each sample concentration.
	Figure 3. DPPH inhibition (%) of sea urchin crude extracts (n = 9) and isolated spinochromes (n = 6). Data are expressed as the means ± one standard deviation of n independent experiments for each concentration of a sample.
	Figure 4. Production of TNF-α by response from J774 macrophages incubated with isolated spinochromes and stimulated with LPS. Data are expressed as the means ± one standard deviation of 3 independent experiments for each sample concentration.
	Figure 5. Cell viability (%) of HeLa cells incubated with increasing doses of isolated spinochromes. Data are expressed as the means ± one standard deviation of 3 independent experiments for each sample concentration.