ECB-ART-45859
Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc
2018 May 01;932:1056-1076. doi: 10.1111/brv.12384.
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Tick attachment cement - reviewing the mysteries of a biological skin plug system.
Suppan J
,
Engel B
,
Marchetti-Deschmann M
,
Nürnberger S
.
Abstract
The majority of ticks in the family Ixodidae secrete a substance anchoring their mouthparts to the host skin. This substance is termed cement. It has adhesive properties and seals the lesion during feeding. The particular chemical composition and the curing process of the cement are unclear. This review summarizes the literature, starting with a historical overview, briefly introducing the different hypotheses on the origin of the adhesive and how the tick salivary glands have been identified as its source. Details on the sequence of cement deposition, the curing process and detachment are provided. Other possible functions of the cement, such as protection from the host immune system and antimicrobial properties, are presented. Histochemical and ultrastructural data of the intracellular granules in the salivary gland cells, as well as the secreted cement, suggest that proteins constitute the main material, with biochemical data revealing glycine to be the dominant amino acid. Applied methods and their restrictions are discussed. Tick cement is compared with adhesives of other animals such as barnacles, mussels and sea urchins. Finally, we address the potential of tick cement for the field of biomaterial research and in particular for medical applications in future.
PubMed ID: 29119723
PMC ID: PMC5947171
Article link: Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc
Genes referenced: LOC100887844 LOC100892350 LOC115919910
Article Images: [+] show captions
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Figure 1. Artificial feeding of ticks. (A) Dermacentor marginatus (Sulzer, 1776), male attached to a silicone membrane. (B) Chelicerae visible after cutting through the membrane. (C) Cement deposition between the palps at the upper side, and (D) at the underside of the membrane. Scale bars: A, C = 300 µm; B, D = 100 µm. |
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Figure 2. Mouthparts of a female Dermacentor marginatus. Between two palps (P) there are paired chelicerae (C) and the hypostome (H). The chelicerae are extendable and cut into the host tissue during attachment. The hypostome acts dorsally as channel for saliva and blood, ventrally there are rows of teeth anchoring the tick to the cement and host tissue. The palps remain at the skin surface and fulfil sensory functions. Scale bar = 200 µm. |
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Figure 3. Acini and cell types of the salivary glands of the tick Rhipicephalus microplus (female) and changes that occur during feeding. Type I acini remain unchanged during feeding, whereas there are pronounced alterations in acini II and III. The position of a‐, d‐ and e‐cells involved in cement production are shown by asterisks. Image adapted from Kemp et al. (1982). (Reprinted with kind permission of Elsevier). |
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Figure 4. Examples of types of attachment by female ixodid ticks. The cement can form superficial cones of different sizes, with pronounced lateral flanges, or support the inserted mouthparts. Additional cement can infiltrate the host epidermis around the feeding site in Dermacentor females. Ixodes holocyclus is given for comparison, as this species does not produce cement. Symbols: C, cement; D, dermis; E, epidermis; F, feeding pool; P, palps. Image adapted from Moorhouse (1969). (Reprinted with kind permission of Akadémiai Kiadó). |
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