Click
here to close Hello! We notice that
you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Echinobase
and may cause the site to display incorrectly. We suggest using a
current version of Chrome,
FireFox,
or Safari.
J R Soc Interface
2022 Jan 01;19186:20210741. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0741.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
Suspension feeders: diversity, principles of particle separation and biomimetic potential.
Hamann L
,
Blanke A
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
Suspension feeders (SFs) evolved a high diversity of mechanisms, sometimes with remarkably convergent morphologies, to retain plankton, detritus and man-made particles with particle sizes ranging from less than 1 µm to several centimetres. Based on an extensive literature review, also including the physical and technical principles of solid-liquid separation, we developed a set of 18 ecological and technical parameters to review 35 taxa of suspension-feeding Metazoa covering the diversity of morphological and functional principles. This includes passive SFs, such as gorgonians or crinoids that use the ambient flow to encounter particles, and sponges, bivalves or baleen whales, which actively create a feeding current. Separation media can be flat or funnel-shaped, built externally such as the filter houses in larvaceans, or internally, like the pleated gills in bivalves. Most SFs feed in the intermediate flow region of Reynolds number 1-50 and have cleaning mechanisms that allow for continuous feeding. Comparison of structure-function patterns in SFs to current filtration technologies highlights potential solutions to common technical design challenges, such as mucus nets which increase particle adhesion in ascidians, vanes which reduce pressure losses in whale sharks and changing mesh sizes in the flamingo beak which allow quick adaptation to particle sizes.
Figure 1. . Overview of the selected SFs within the Metazoa with a focus on functional aspects. Each selected organism or organism group represents one SFM. Coloured squares indicate characteristics of biological parameters for each group: habitat (marine, freshwater, terrestrial), aquatic life (pelagic, benthic), foraging type (active, passive) and motility (motile, sessile). Numbering of each SF is consistent with table 1. A short description of each SFMs is in electronic supplementary material, table S2. For individual references, see electronic supplementary material, table S4.
Figure 2. . Size of the SFs (except Dendropoma maximum) and particle size of seston. Each box indicates the range of organism size and food particle size. For individual references, see electronic supplementary material, table S4. The colours are only used for visual reasons. Examples of seston particles are listed under the x-axis and compared to typical particle sizes found in waste water treatment and microplastics. For individual references of particle sizes, see electronic supplementary material, table S7.
Figure 3. . Steps of a generalized suspension-feeding mechanism, from the first particle encounter to ingestion (inspired by Waggett [84]). Particles (brown) encounter the separation medium (yellow) in direction of flow (blue arrows). According to hydrosol filtration theory, particles encounter the separation medium based on at least one of five mechanisms: (i) direct interception, (ii) inertial impaction, (iii) gravitational deposition, (iv) diffusion or motile-particle deposition and (v) electrostatic attraction [72,85]. After contact, particles can be captured through sieving or adhesion, e.g. through mucus (green). Particles can escape from the separation medium at each step or be actively rejected by some SFs during cleaning and before ingestion. Ingestion is the point of entry of particles into the oesophagus.
Figure 4. . (a) Geometry of the separation medium (yellow) can be (i) flat and open, (ii) flat and enclosed, (iii) funnel-shaped and open or (iv) funnel-shaped and enclosed. Walls (grey) show if the separation medium is open or enclosed. Direction of flow is indicated by blue arrows. (b) Design of separation media to create surfaces, meshes and pores: (i) flat, (ii) first level of branching, (iii) second level of branching, (iv) third level of branching, (v) net structure and (vi) higher branching and porous media.
Asadzadeh,
Hydrodynamics of the leucon sponge pump.
2019, Pubmed
Asadzadeh,
Hydrodynamics of the leucon sponge pump.
2019,
Pubmed
Bach,
A review of selected pumping systems in nature and engineering--potential biomimetic concepts for improving displacement pumps and pulsation damping.
2015,
Pubmed
Brent Gurd,
Filter-feeding dabbling ducks (Anas spp.) can actively select particles by size.
2006,
Pubmed
Brooks,
Physical modeling of vortical cross-step flow in the American paddlefish, Polyodon spathula.
2018,
Pubmed
Burge,
The Use of Filter-feeders to Manage Disease in a Changing World.
2016,
Pubmed
Cameron,
Particle retention and flow in the pharynx of the enteropneust worm Harrimania planktophilus: the filter-feeding pharynx may have evolved before the chordates.
2002,
Pubmed
Cid,
Patterns of metal bioaccumulation in two filter-feeding macroinvertebrates: exposure distribution, inter-species differences and variability across developmental stages.
2010,
Pubmed
Cohen,
The complex trophic anatomy of silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, highlighting a novel type of epibranchial organ.
2018,
Pubmed
Cohen,
Making a master filterer: Ontogeny of specialized filtering plates in silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix).
2018,
Pubmed
Colin,
Stealth predation and the predatory success of the invasive ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi.
2010,
Pubmed
Collard,
Morphology of the filtration apparatus of three planktivorous fishes and relation with ingested anthropogenic particles.
2017,
Pubmed
Conley,
Mammoth grazers on the ocean's minuteness: a review of selective feeding using mucous meshes.
2018,
Pubmed
Divi,
Manta rays feed using ricochet separation, a novel nonclogging filtration mechanism.
2018,
Pubmed
Dohrmann,
Dating early animal evolution using phylogenomic data.
2017,
Pubmed
Du Clos,
Model-assisted measurements of suspension-feeding flow velocities.
2017,
Pubmed
Dvarskas,
Quantification and Valuation of Nitrogen Removal Services Provided by Commercial Shellfish Aquaculture at the Subwatershed Scale.
2020,
Pubmed
Dölger,
Dense Dwarfs versus Gelatinous Giants: The Trade-Offs and Physiological Limits Determining the Body Plan of Planktonic Filter Feeders.
2019,
Pubmed
Eckman,
A model of particle capture by bryozoans in turbulent flow: significance of colony form.
1998,
Pubmed
Finelli,
Stream insects as passive suspension feeders: effects of velocity and food concentration on feeding performance.
2002,
Pubmed
Gao,
Bio-inspired antibacterial cellulose paper-poly(amidoxime) composite hydrogel for highly efficient uranium(vi) capture from seawater.
2020,
Pubmed
Gerritsen,
The role of surface chemistry in filter feeding by zooplankton.
1982,
Pubmed
Gibson,
Ancient life and moving fluids.
2021,
Pubmed
Goldbogen,
Kinematics of foraging dives and lunge-feeding in fin whales.
2006,
Pubmed
Goldbogen,
How Baleen Whales Feed: The Biomechanics of Engulfment and Filtration.
2017,
Pubmed
Hamann,
Suspension feeders: diversity, principles of particle separation and biomimetic potential.
2022,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Holland,
UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM CAPTURE DURING SUSPENSION FEEDING BY OLIGOMETRA SERRIPINNA (ECHINODERMATA: CRINOIDEA) UNDER SURGE CONDITIONS.
1987,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Humphries,
Filter feeders and plankton increase particle encounter rates through flow regime control.
2009,
Pubmed
Katija,
Revealing enigmatic mucus structures in the deep sea using DeepPIV.
2020,
Pubmed
Kiørboe,
How zooplankton feed: mechanisms, traits and trade-offs.
2011,
Pubmed
Knott,
Passive flow through an unstalked intertidal ascidian: orientation and morphology enhance suspension feeding in Pyura stolonifera.
2004,
Pubmed
Krick,
Adding ecology to particle capture models: numerical simulations of capture on a moving cylinder in crossflow.
2015,
Pubmed
LaBarbera,
Principles of design of fluid transport systems in zoology.
1990,
Pubmed
Labarbera,
Particle capture by a pacific brittle star: experimental test of the aerosol suspension feeding model.
1978,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Letendre,
The interactions of oil droplets with filter feeders: A fluid mechanics approach.
2020,
Pubmed
Leys,
Feeding in a calcareous sponge: particle uptake by pseudopodia.
2006,
Pubmed
Li,
Limits to phenotypic plasticity: flow effects on barnacle feeding appendages.
2004,
Pubmed
Ludeman,
The energetic cost of filtration by demosponges and their behavioural response to ambient currents.
2017,
Pubmed
Marchinko,
Feeding in flow extremes: dependence of cirrus form on wave-exposure in four barnacle species.
2003,
Pubmed
Misty Paig-Tran,
Comparison of the structure and composition of the branchial filters in suspension feeding elasmobranchs.
2014,
Pubmed
Motta,
Feeding anatomy, filter-feeding rate, and diet of whale sharks Rhincodon typus during surface ram filter feeding off the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico.
2010,
Pubmed
Nepstad,
Modeling filtration of dispersed crude oil droplets by the copepod Calanus finmarchicus.
2015,
Pubmed
Paig-Tran,
The filter pads and filtration mechanisms of the devil rays: Variation at macro and microscopic scales.
2013,
Pubmed
Pales Espinosa,
Identification and molecular characterization of a mucosal lectin (MeML) from the blue mussel Mytilus edulis and its potential role in particle capture.
2010,
Pubmed
Schroeder,
Development of helical, fish-inspired cross-step filter for collecting harmful algae.
2019,
Pubmed
Seale,
Suspension feeding dynamics of anuran larvae related to their functional morphology.
1979,
Pubmed
Simon,
Behaviour and kinematics of continuous ram filtration in bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus).
2009,
Pubmed
Skieresz-Szewczyk,
Morphofunctional study of the tongue in the domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos f. domestica, Anatidae): LM and SEM study.
2016,
Pubmed
Soucek,
Effects of millimeter wave carbon fibers on filter-feeding freshwater invertebrates.
2010,
Pubmed
Sutherland,
Filtration of submicrometer particles by pelagic tunicates.
2010,
Pubmed
Szewciw,
Calcification provides mechanical reinforcement to whale baleen alpha-keratin.
2010,
Pubmed
Taghon,
Optimal foraging by deposit-feeding invertebrates: Roles of particle size and organic coating.
1982,
Pubmed
Vincent,
Biomimetics: its practice and theory.
2006,
Pubmed
Werth,
How do baleen whales stow their filter? A comparative biomechanical analysis of baleen bending.
2018,
Pubmed
Werth,
Flow-dependent porosity and other biomechanical properties of mysticete baleen.
2013,
Pubmed
Werth,
Models of hydrodynamic flow in the bowhead whale filter feeding apparatus.
2004,
Pubmed
Werth,
Baleen Hydrodynamics and Morphology of Cross-Flow Filtration in Balaenid Whale Suspension Feeding.
2016,
Pubmed
Woodall,
The deep sea is a major sink for microplastic debris.
2014,
Pubmed
