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Sci Rep
2016 Feb 22;6:21554. doi: 10.1038/srep21554.
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Ocean acidification increases copper toxicity differentially in two key marine invertebrates with distinct acid-base responses.
Lewis C
,
Ellis RP
,
Vernon E
,
Elliot K
,
Newbatt S
,
Wilson RW
.
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is expected to indirectly impact biota living in contaminated coastal environments by altering the bioavailability and potentially toxicity of many pH-sensitive metals. Here, we show that OA (pH 7.71; pCO2 1480 μatm) significantly increases the toxicity responses to a global coastal contaminant (copper ~0.1 μM) in two keystone benthic species; mussels (Mytilus edulis) and purple sea urchins (Paracentrotus lividus). Mussels showed an extracellular acidosis in response to OA and copper individually which was enhanced during combined exposure. In contrast, urchins maintained extracellular fluid pH under OA by accumulating bicarbonate but exhibited a slight alkalosis in response to copper either alone or with OA. Importantly, copper-induced damage to DNA and lipids was significantly greater under OA compared to control conditions (pH 8.14; pCO2 470 μatm) for both species. However, this increase in DNA-damage was four times lower in urchins than mussels, suggesting that internal acid-base regulation in urchins may substantially moderate the magnitude of this OA-induced copper toxicity effect. Thus, changes in metal toxicity under OA may not purely be driven by metal speciation in seawater and may be far more diverse than either single-stressor or single-species studies indicate. This has important implications for future environmental management strategies.
Figure 1. Acid-base parameters in the haemolymph of Mytilus edulis (a,c,e) and coelomic fluid of Paracentrotus lividus (b,d,f) following 14 day exposures to elevated pCO2 with and without the presence of nominal 0.1 μM copper; (a,b) haemolymph/coelomic fluid pH, (c,d) haemolymph/coelomic fluid bicarbonate concentrations, and (e,f) haemolymph/coelomic fluid pCO2. [N.B. *represent significant differences].
Figure 2. Davenport diagram illustrating the relationship between pH, bicarbonate and pCO2 in the haemolymph and coelomic fluid of (a) Mytilus edulis and (b) Paracentrotus lividus respectively. Lines represent isopleths of equal pCO2 (mmHg). Position calculated from means ± SEM for haemolymph/coelomic fluid pH and [HCO3−] according to pK1 values calculated from57.
Figure 3. Oxidative stress indicators in the mussel Mytilus edulis (a,c,e) and the adult purple urchin Paracentrotus lividus (b,d,f) following 14 day exposures to elevated pCO2 with and without the presence of nominal 0.1 μM copper; (a,b) Activity of the anti-oxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity; (c,d) lipid peroxidation measured as malondialdehyde (MDA) levels; (e,f) DNA damage, measured as percentage of single strand breaks in haemocytes/coelomocytes.
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