Click
here to close Hello! We notice that
you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Echinobase
and may cause the site to display incorrectly. We suggest using a
current version of Chrome,
FireFox,
or Safari.
Susceptibility Assessment of Multidrug Resistant Bacteria to Natural Products.
Mohamed EH
,
Alghamdi YS
,
Mostafa Abdel-Hafez S
,
Soliman MM
,
Alotaibi SH
,
Hassan MY
,
Hany NA
,
Amer HH
.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of some natural compounds against multidrug-resistant bacteria.
METHODS: Forty-three bacterial strains were collected. Disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests were carried out for natural compounds including quercetin, Acacia nilotica, Syzygium aromaticum, and Holothuria atra. Scanning electron microscope analysis and bacterial DNA apoptosis assays were performed.
RESULTS: Staphylococcus aureus strains were resistant to imipenim, ampicillin, and penicillin. Most Escherichia coli strains were resistant to amoxicillin, clavulanat, and ampicillin. Finally, tigecycline was effective with Klebsiella pneumoniae and was resistant to all antibiotics. Only S aromaticum had an antibacterial effect on K pneumoniae. Most S aureus strains were sensitive to S aromaticum, A nilotica, and quercetin. All examined natural extracts had no effect on E coli. Holothuria atra had no effect on any of the strains tested. Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values for examined plants against S aureus were 6.25 to 12, 1.6 to 3.2, and 9.12 to 18.24 mg/mL, respectively. Syzygium aromaticum was active against K pneumoniae with an MIC of 12.5 mg/mL. Scanning electron microscope analysis performed after 24 and 48 hours of incubation showed bacterial strains with distorted shapes and severe cell wall damage. Syzygium aromaticum, quercetin, and A nilotica showed clear fragmentations of S aureus DNA.
CONCLUSIONS: Current findings confirmed the beneficial effect of using natural products such as clove (S aromaticum), quercetin, and A nilotica as a promising therapy to overcome multidrug resistant bacteria.
Figure 1. Antibiotic sensitivity test for Staphylococcus aureus
strains (n = 21). R; resistant, S; sensitive. The most effective drug
were daptomycin, linezolid, moxifloxacin, and vancomycin (100%).
Meanwhile, all strains were very resistant to imipenim, penicillin, and
ampicillin (100%, 95.2%, and 95.2%, respectively).
Figure 2. Antibiotic sensitivity test for Escherichia coli (n =
17). R; resistant, S; sensitive. All E coli strains
were sensitive to amikacin (94%). All strains were resistant to
amoxicillin, clavulanat, and ampicillin (94%).
Figure 3. Antibiotic sensitivity test for Klebsiella pneumoniae
strains (n = 5). R; resistant, S; sensitive. All Klebsiella
pneumoniae strains were slightly sensitive to tigecycline
and were resistant to all tested antibiotics.
Figure 4. Disc diffusion test showing inhibition zones in mm. A, Inhibition zones
of Acacia nilotica, ciprofloxacin, and amoxicillin. B,
Inhibition zones of Syzygium aromaticum, ciprofloxacin,
and amoxicillin. C, Inhibition zones of quercetin, ciprofloxacin, and
amoxicillin.
Figure 5. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. (A) Syzygium
aromaticum with Staphylococcus aureus
after 24 hours. (B) Syzygium aromaticum with S
aureus after 24 hours; (C) Acacia nilotica
with S aureus after 24 hours; (D) Acacia
nilotica with S aureus after 48 hours.
Figure 6. A, Quercetin with Staphylococcus aureus after 24 hours.
B, Quercetin with Staphylococcus aureus after 48 hours.
C, Normal control.
Figure 7. DNA cleavage of quercetin with Staphylococcus aureus.
Lane 1: DNA ladder; Lane 2: S aureus control without
treatment; Lane 3: quercetin at 24 hours; Lane 4: quercetin at 48 hours;
and Lane 5: quercetin at 72 hours.
Figure 8. DNA cleavage of Acacia nilotica and Syzygium
aromaticum with Staphylococcus aureus.
Lane 1: 100-bp DNA ladder; Lane 2: Staphylococcus
aureus control without treatment; Lanes 3-6: Acacia
nilotica treated bacteria for 8, 24, 48, and 72 hours; Lane
7: 100 DNA ladder; Lane 8: S aureus control without
treatment; Lanes 9-12: Syzygium aromaticum treated
bacteria for 8, 24, 48, and 72 hours.
Adibpour,
Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Holothuria leucospilota Isolated From Persian Gulf and Oman Sea.
2014, Pubmed,
Echinobase
Adibpour,
Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Holothuria leucospilota Isolated From Persian Gulf and Oman Sea.
2014,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Bibi,
Antibacterial activity of some selected medicinal plants of Pakistan.
2011,
Pubmed
Byrne,
Molecular taxonomy, phylogeny and evolution in the family Stichopodidae (Aspidochirotida: Holothuroidea) based on COI and 16S mitochondrial DNA.
2010,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Clements,
Antibacterial activities and characterization of novel inhibitors of LpxC.
2002,
Pubmed
Cowan,
Plant products as antimicrobial agents.
1999,
Pubmed
Dashtdar,
In-Vitro, Anti-Bacterial Activities of Aqueous Extracts of Acacia catechu (L.F.)Willd, Castanea sativa, Ephedra sinica stapf and shilajita mumiyo Against Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria.
2013,
Pubmed
Davies,
Inactivation of antibiotics and the dissemination of resistance genes.
1994,
Pubmed
de Boer,
Anti-fungal and anti-bacterial activity of some herbal remedies from Tanzania.
2005,
Pubmed
Duraipandiyan,
Antimicrobial activity of some ethnomedicinal plants used by Paliyar tribe from Tamil Nadu, India.
2006,
Pubmed
Farhadi,
Antibacterial activity of flavonoids and their structure-activity relationship: An update review.
2019,
Pubmed
Gautam,
Molecular characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamases among clinical isolates of Escherichia coli & Klebsiella pneumoniae: A multi-centric study from tertiary care hospitals in India.
2019,
Pubmed
Ghahremani,
Emergence of vancomycin-intermediate and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus among methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolated from clinical specimens in the northwest of Iran.
2018,
Pubmed
Gilani,
Studies on antihypertensive and antispasmodic activities of methanol extract of Acacia nilotica pods.
1999,
Pubmed
Greenwood,
Antibiotic-induced surface changes in microorganisms demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy.
1969,
Pubmed
Kaneria,
Determination of antibacterial and antioxidant potential of some medicinal plants from saurashtra region, India.
2009,
Pubmed
Liu,
Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Spices.
2017,
Pubmed
Lomarat,
Bioautography-guided isolation of antibacterial compounds of essential oils from Thai spices against histamine-producing bacteria.
2013,
Pubmed
Mashjoor,
Holothurians antifungal and antibacterial activity to human pathogens in the Persian Gulf.
2017,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Mohammadizadeh,
Evaluation of antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic effects of Holothuria scabra from the North Coast of the Persian Gulf.
2013,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Monroe,
Antimicrobial use and bacterial resistance.
2000,
Pubmed
Mukherjee,
Integrated approaches towards drug development from Ayurveda and other Indian system of medicines.
2006,
Pubmed
Nagata,
Apoptotic DNA fragmentation.
2000,
Pubmed
Nassan,
Effect of clove and cinnamon extracts on experimental model of acute hematogenous pyelonephritis in albino rats: Immunopathological and antimicrobial study.
2015,
Pubmed
Naveed,
Antimicrobial activity of the bioactive components of essential oils from Pakistani spices against Salmonella and other multi-drug resistant bacteria.
2013,
Pubmed
Pal,
Demonstration of bactericidal and synergistic activity of quercetin with meropenem among pathogenic carbapenem resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
2020,
Pubmed
Penner,
Probiotics and nutraceuticals: non-medicinal treatments of gastrointestinal diseases.
2005,
Pubmed
Ramli,
Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Syzygium polyanthum L. (Salam) Leaves against Foodborne Pathogens and Application as Food Sanitizer.
2017,
Pubmed
Sadiq,
Antibacterial Activities and Possible Modes of Action of Acacia nilotica (L.) Del. against Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella.
2017,
Pubmed
Service,
Antibiotics that resist resistance.
1995,
Pubmed
Singh,
Antioxidant and anti-quorum sensing activities of green pod of Acacia nilotica L.
2009,
Pubmed
Singh,
Potential chemoprevention of N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis by polyphenolics from Acacia nilotica bark.
2009,
Pubmed
Wang,
Bacteriostatic Effect of Quercetin as an Antibiotic Alternative In Vivo and Its Antibacterial Mechanism In Vitro.
2018,
Pubmed
Xu,
Chemical Composition, Antibacterial Properties and Mechanism of Action of Essential Oil from Clove Buds against Staphylococcus aureus.
2016,
Pubmed
Yadav,
Antimicrobial action of methanolic seed extracts of Syzygium cumini Linn. on Bacillus subtilis.
2017,
Pubmed