Dev Growth Differ 1997 Jun 01;393:381-97. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-169x.1997.t01-1-00014.x.

Isolation and characterization of an endodermally derived, proteoglycan-like extracellular matrix molecule that may be involved in larval starfish digestive tract morphogenesis.

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A monoclonal antibody, anti-Pisaster matrix-1 (anti-PM1) has been developed against an extracellular matrix antigen, Pisaster matrix-1 (PM1) found in embryos and larvae of the starfish Pisaster ochraceus. Pisaster matrix-1 was first observed in endodermal cells of the early gastrula, and shortly thereafter it was secreted into the blastocoel where it accumulated steadily during gastrulation. During the late gastrula stage it also appeared in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the gut lumen. Immunogold electron microscopy with anti-PM1 revealed that PM1 was found in condensations of ECM associated with blastocoel matrix fibers, in the trans Golgi network, in Golgi-associated vesicles in endoderm and mesenchyme cells and throughout the ECM lining the digestive tract of late gastrula and bipinnaria larvae. When blastula or early gastrula stage embryos were grown in the presence of the PM1 antibody, archenteron elongation, bending and mouth formation failed to occur. Pisaster matrix-1 stained with alcian blue and its assembly could be disrupted with the common inhibitor of O-linked glycosaminoglycan assembly, beta-xyloside but not by tunicamycin. It was not sensitive to enzymes that degrade vertebrate proteoglycans. Pisaster matrix-1 is a large (600 kDa) proteoglycan-like glycosaminoglycan, secreted exclusively by endodermal and/or endodermally derived cells that may be necessary for morphogenesis of the mouth and digestive tract of Pisaster ochraceus embryos/larvae.

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Genes referenced: LOC115925415